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Related Concept Videos

Radical Autoxidation01:20

Radical Autoxidation

The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...
Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox property is crucial in...
Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...
The Retinoblastoma Gene01:20

The Retinoblastoma Gene

Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that can slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or program the cells for apoptosis in case of irreparable damage. Hence, they play an essential role in preventing the proliferation of damaged cells.
The first-ever tumor suppressor gene called Rb was identified in retinoblastoma - a rare eye tumor in children. In inherited forms of the disease, a child inherits one defective copy of the Rb gene, which predisposes them to retinoblastoma. However,...
Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity01:25

Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity

Bioactivation is a metabolic process that transforms less reactive substances into highly reactive metabolites, initiating tissue toxicity. This transformation can lead to various toxic effects, including carcinogenesis and teratogenesis. Reactive metabolites are classified into two main types: electrophiles and free radicals.Electrophiles are electron-deficient species and are produced primarily by the enzyme cytochrome P-450 during the metabolism of compounds containing carbon, nitrogen, or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Assessment of Oxidative Damage in the Primary Mouse Ocular Surface Cells/Stem Cells in Response to Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) Damage
12:59

Assessment of Oxidative Damage in the Primary Mouse Ocular Surface Cells/Stem Cells in Response to Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) Damage

Published on: February 15, 2020

Oxidants and ocular tumors.

Rajendra Singh1, Abhijit Chattopadhyay, Alka Agarwal

  • 1Department of Opthalmology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, India. RJFugomd@fugoblade.com

Annals of Ophthalmology (Skokie, Ill.)
|April 10, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Serum superoxide dismutase and catalase levels differed significantly in children with intraocular tumors. These antioxidant enzymes may aid in early retinoblastoma diagnosis, particularly in pediatric patients.

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Production and Detection of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Cancers
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Production and Detection of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Cancers

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Assessment of Oxidative Damage in the Primary Mouse Ocular Surface Cells/Stem Cells in Response to Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) Damage
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Assessment of Oxidative Damage in the Primary Mouse Ocular Surface Cells/Stem Cells in Response to Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) Damage

Published on: February 15, 2020

Quantification of Reactive Oxygen Species Using 2&#8242;,7&#8242;-Dichlorofluorescein Diacetate Probe and Flow-Cytometry in M&#252;ller Glial Cells
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Production and Detection of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Cancers
07:17

Production and Detection of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Cancers

Published on: November 21, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Oncology
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Oxidative stress plays a role in tumor development.
  • Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase are key antioxidant enzymes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate serum SOD and catalase levels in individuals with tumors.
  • To assess the diagnostic potential of these enzymes for intraocular tumors, specifically retinoblastoma.

Main Methods:

  • Serum samples were analyzed from 60 adults and children with benign or malignant tumors and controls.
  • Spectrophotometry was used for quantitative assays of SOD and catalase activity.

Main Results:

  • Children with intraocular tumors (retinoblastoma) showed a significant difference in antioxidative status compared to healthy children.
  • No significant difference in enzyme levels was observed in adults with tumors.

Conclusions:

  • Serum SOD and catalase levels may serve as potential biomarkers for early diagnosis of malignant intraocular tumors.
  • These findings are particularly relevant for the early detection of retinoblastoma in children.