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Related Concept Videos

Three-Winding Transformers01:19

Three-Winding Transformers

Three identical single-phase transformers can be configured to form a three-phase transformer connection, which involves high-voltage and low-voltage windings. The high-voltage windings are denoted by capital letters A-B-C, while the low-voltage windings are labeled with lowercase letters a-b-c, representing their respective phases. This notation helps distinguish between the high and low voltage sides of the transformer.
In the per-unit equivalent circuit of a grounded Y-Y three-phase...
Instrument Transformers01:23

Instrument Transformers

Instrument transformers, comprising voltage transformers (VTs) and current transformers (CTs), play crucial roles in power substations by providing isolated replicas of current or voltage for measurement and protection purposes. Voltage transformers reduce the primary voltage to levels suitable for relay operation and measurement, while current transformers scale down the primary current. The primary winding of a current transformer often consists of a single turn, achieved by threading the...
Equivalent Circuits for Practical Transformers01:28

Equivalent Circuits for Practical Transformers

The practical equivalent circuits of single-phase two-winding transformers exhibit significant deviations from their idealized versions due to the inherent properties of winding resistance and finite core permeability. These properties result in real and reactive power losses, affecting the transformer's performance. Understanding these deviations is crucial for designing more efficient transformers.
In a practical transformer, each winding exhibits resistance and leakage reactance. The winding...
Energy Losses in Transformers01:21

Energy Losses in Transformers

In an ideal transformer, it is assumed that there are no energy losses, and, hence, all the power at the primary winding is transferred to the secondary winding. However, in reality,  the transformers always have some energy losses, and, hence, the output power obtained at the secondary winding is less than the input power at the primary winding due to energy losses.
There are four main reasons for energy losses in transformers.
The first cause can be  the high resistance of the copper windings...
Types Of Transformers01:16

Types Of Transformers

Transformers can provide desired voltages to a circuit by modifying the number of turns in the secondary windings.
If the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary winding to that of the primary winding is greater than one, then the transformer is said to be a step-up transformer. In a step-up transformer, the voltage at the secondary winding is greater than the voltage applied at the primary winding.
However, if this ratio is less than one, the transformer is said to be a step-down...
Capacitor With A Dielectric01:18

Capacitor With A Dielectric

Parallel plate capacitors consist of two conducting plates separated by a certain distance. However, it is mechanically difficult to hold the large plates parallel to each other without actual contact. Hence, a dielectric layer is commonly placed between the plates, which provides an easy solution for holding the plates together with a small gap and increases the capacitance of the capacitor.
Dielectrics are non-conducting materials with no free or loosely bound electrons. When a dielectric is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Characterization of Full Set Material Constants and Their Temperature Dependence for Piezoelectric Materials Using Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy
07:44

Characterization of Full Set Material Constants and Their Temperature Dependence for Piezoelectric Materials Using Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy

Published on: April 27, 2016

Lead-free multilayer piezoelectric transformer.

Mingsen Guo1, X P Jiang, K H Lam

  • 1Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hunghom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. gmsone_cn@hotmail.com

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|May 17, 2007
PubMed
Summary

This study presents a lead-free piezoelectric transformer using Mn-doped (Bi,Na)TiO3-BaTiO3 ceramics. The multilayer device shows high efficiency and voltage gain, suitable for low-voltage power supplies.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrical Engineering
  • Ceramics

Background:

  • Piezoelectric transformers are crucial for power conversion in electronic devices.
  • Developing lead-free piezoelectric materials is essential for environmental sustainability.
  • Multilayer structures enhance the performance of piezoelectric devices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel multilayer piezoelectric transformer utilizing lead-free Mn-doped 0.94(Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3-0.06BaTiO3 ceramics.
  • To characterize the operational performance, including efficiency and voltage gain.
  • To evaluate its potential applications in low-voltage power supply units.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a multilayer piezoelectric transformer with specific dimensions (8.3x8.3x2.3 mm).
  • Operation in the second thickness extensional vibration mode.
  • Performance testing under load conditions, measuring output power, efficiency, and voltage gain at a specific temperature rise (20°C).

Main Results:

  • The transformer operates efficiently in the second thickness extensional mode.
  • Achieved an output power exceeding 0.3 W for a 20°C temperature rise.
  • Demonstrated a maximum efficiency of 81.5% with a 10 Ω matching load resistance and a maximum voltage gain of 0.14.

Conclusions:

  • The developed lead-free piezoelectric transformer exhibits promising performance characteristics.
  • Its efficiency and voltage gain make it suitable for low-voltage power applications.
  • Potential applications include low-power adapters and other electronic circuits requiring compact power solutions.