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Related Concept Videos

Cells and Secretions of the Pancreas01:16

Cells and Secretions of the Pancreas

The pancreas, a vital organ within the abdominal cavity, plays dual roles in the digestive and endocrine systems, collaborating with exocrine and endocrine cells to maintain optimal digestion and blood sugar levels.
Exocrine function is carried out by acinar cells, organized into clusters known as acini. These cells contribute to digestion by releasing substantial quantities of enzyme-rich, alkaline digestive juices.
Concurrently, the dispersed clusters of endocrine cells throughout the...
Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:24

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

The pancreas, an elongated and flat gland situated behind the stomach, serves a vital function in digesting food and managing blood sugar levels.
Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas, which occurs when the immune system becomes active and causes swelling, pain, and disruptions in organ function. Pancreatitis can manifest as either an acute or chronic condition.
Acute pancreatitis arises suddenly and lasts for a brief duration, while chronic pancreatitis is a long-term affliction...
Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:25

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Chronic pancreatitis is a long-standing, relapsing inflammation of the pancreas, characterized by irreversible damage to the gland. It results in progressive destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma, fibrosis, and eventual loss of both exocrine and endocrine function. The disease may evolve gradually after multiple episodes of acute pancreatitis or develop independently.EtiologyChronic pancreatitis can arise from a variety of causes:Alcohol use is the leading cause, accounting for 70–80% of...
Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are co-secreted in...
Pancreas01:19

Pancreas

The pancreas, an essential organ in the human body, is a pinkish-gray elongated structure located posterior to the stomach. It extends laterally from the duodenum towards the spleen and is firmly bound to the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity. The organ's surface has a lumpy, lobular texture that gives it a unique appearance.
The broad head of the pancreas lies within the loop formed by the duodenum, while its slender body reaches towards the spleen. The tail of the pancreas is short and...
Acute Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology01:21

Acute Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis centers on injury to pancreatic acinar cells, which initiates a cascade of harmful intracellular events.This injury leads to premature activation of trypsinogen to trypsin in the pancreas. Trypsin then activates other digestive enzymes, such as chymotrypsin, elastase, and phospholipase A2, which begin breaking down pancreatic tissue. The resulting autodigestion causes local inflammation, tissue swelling, hemorrhage, and fat necrosis.Injured acinar cells...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Single-cell Transcriptomic Analyses of Mouse Pancreatic Endocrine Cells
10:05

Single-cell Transcriptomic Analyses of Mouse Pancreatic Endocrine Cells

Published on: September 30, 2018

Pancreatic endocrine tumors.

Niraj Jani1, A James Moser, Asif Khalid

  • 1The Department of Medicine, The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 200 Lothrop Street, Mezz Level C, PUH, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.

Gastroenterology Clinics of North America
|May 30, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Pancreatic endocrine tumors (PET) are increasingly found incidentally. Diagnosis and management are evolving, with surgery for advanced cases and ongoing challenges in predicting tumor behavior.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Surgical Oncology

Background:

  • Incidental, nonfunctional pancreatic endocrine tumors (PET) are increasingly diagnosed.
  • Insulinomas represent the most common type of incidentally discovered PET.
  • Accurate preoperative assessment of PET behavior (aggressive vs. indolent) remains a clinical challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current diagnostic and management strategies for pancreatic endocrine tumors.
  • To highlight the evolving role of newer techniques in prognostication.
  • To discuss the challenges in managing multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1.

Main Methods:

  • Endoscopic ultrasound with fine-needle aspiration for localization and diagnosis.
  • Surgical resection (enucleation, laparoscopic, or open) for benign and advanced disease.

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  • Exploration of novel molecular techniques (DNA, micro-RNA analysis) for behavior prediction.

    • Main Results:

    • Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration is crucial for PET diagnosis and localization.
    • Surgery remains the primary treatment for advanced PET, including metastatic disease and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
    • Predicting PET aggressiveness preoperatively is difficult, necessitating further research into molecular markers.

    Conclusions:

    • The diagnosis, management, and prognostication of pancreatic endocrine tumors are dynamic fields.
    • Minimally invasive surgical approaches are suitable for smaller, benign PET.
    • Future advancements in molecular diagnostics are anticipated to improve PET management and patient outcomes.