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Bioavailability: Influencing Factors

Bioavailability: Influencing Factors

Bioavailability refers to the extent and rate at which a drug reaches systemic circulation in its active form. Extent refers to the amount of the drug that makes it into circulation, while rate is the speed at which it enters circulation. It is influenced by several factors critical for optimizing drug formulations, dosing regimens, and therapeutic outcomes.Physicochemical properties of drugs and formulationsThe solubility, stability, and dissolution rate of a drug significantly impact its...

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors

α-glucosidase inhibitors, including acarbose (Precose), miglitol (Glyset), and voglibose (Voglib) (primarily available in Asia), are drugs that control blood sugar levels by delaying the digestion of starch and disaccharides. They achieve this by inhibiting α-glucosidase enzymes in the intestine, which slow the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine, which in turn leads to a prolonged release of the glucoregulatory hormone GLP-1 from intestinal L-cells.
Acarbose and miglitol are typically...

Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Drug Interactions

Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Drug Interactions

Drug interactions occur when the pharmacological effect of one drug is altered by another substance, either enhancing or diminishing its activity. The drug whose activity is altered is known as the object drug, and the substance causing the alteration is called the agent drug or the precipitant. The net effects of these interactions are mostly undesirable, leading to decreased effectiveness or increased adverse effects. In rare cases, interactions can be beneficial, such as the enhanced...

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow

Chronic liver disease significantly impacts drug metabolism due to alterations in hepatic blood flow and enzyme accessibility. This disruption affects the body's pharmacokinetics—the movement and processing of drugs within the system. Key enzymes crucial for metabolizing medications become less accessible, changing how drugs are processed and utilized. Furthermore, liver disease influences the synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin and globulins, which play critical roles in drug binding...

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Disease States and Pharmacology

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Disease States and Pharmacology

Multiple disease states can significantly influence the oral drug absorption process by affecting blood flow and the functionality of the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Various GI diseases, including conditions that alter GI motility, such as diarrhea, decreased acid secretions (achlorhydria), and infections, have been associated with reduced drug absorption.
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Factors Influencing Bioavailability: First-Pass Elimination

Factors Influencing Bioavailability: First-Pass Elimination

When a drug is taken orally, it undergoes a journey starting from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, passing through the portal vein, reaching the liver, and finally entering the systemic circulation. This process involves the absorption of the drug across the GI tract. The liver is the primary site for metabolizing the drug, with some metabolism also occurring in the gut wall. This journey significantly reduces the quantity of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation, a phenomenon known as...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Generation of an Immortalized Murine Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cell Line as an In Vitro Blood Brain Barrier Model

Generation of an Immortalized Murine Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cell Line as an In Vitro Blood Brain Barrier Model

Published on: August 29, 2012

[Glucocorticoid-induced reduction in NO bioavailability and vascular endothelial dysfunction].

Masashi Akaike¹, Toshio Matsumoto

¹Tokushima University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology.

Clinical Calcium

|June 6, 2007

Summary

Glucocorticoid excess impairs nitric oxide (NO) production, leading to vascular endothelial dysfunction. This dysfunction is implicated in the pathogenesis of idiopathic osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ION).

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Generation of an Immortalized Murine Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cell Line as an In Vitro Blood Brain Barrier Model

Generation of an Immortalized Murine Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cell Line as an In Vitro Blood Brain Barrier Model

Published on: August 29, 2012

Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Physiology
Pathology

Context:

Glucocorticoid excess is known to disrupt physiological processes.
Nitric oxide (NO) plays a crucial role in vascular health.
Endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) is key to NO production.

Purpose:

To elucidate the mechanism by which glucocorticoid excess contributes to vascular endothelial dysfunction.
To explore the link between glucocorticoid-induced NO suppression and idiopathic osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ION).

Summary:

Glucocorticoid excess reduces nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability by inhibiting eNOS expression and enhancing superoxide inactivation of NO.
This diminished NO bioavailability results in vascular endothelial dysfunction.
Vascular endothelial dysfunction is proposed as a key pathogenic pathway for ION.

Impact:

Understanding this pathway highlights glucocorticoid-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction as a therapeutic target for ION.
This research may inform strategies to mitigate steroid-induced complications.