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Related Concept Videos

Transformers with Off-Nominal Turns Ratios01:25

Transformers with Off-Nominal Turns Ratios

In scenarios involving parallel transformers with disparate ratings, developing per-unit models requires accommodating off-nominal turns ratios. This situation arises when the selected base voltages are not proportional to the transformer’s voltage ratings. Consider a transformer where the rated voltages are related by the term a. If the chosen voltage bases satisfy a relationship involving term b, term c is defined as the ratio of these bases. This ratio is then substituted into the rated...
Three-Winding Transformers01:19

Three-Winding Transformers

Three identical single-phase transformers can be configured to form a three-phase transformer connection, which involves high-voltage and low-voltage windings. The high-voltage windings are denoted by capital letters A-B-C, while the low-voltage windings are labeled with lowercase letters a-b-c, representing their respective phases. This notation helps distinguish between the high and low voltage sides of the transformer.
In the per-unit equivalent circuit of a grounded Y-Y three-phase...
Equivalent Circuits for Practical Transformers01:28

Equivalent Circuits for Practical Transformers

The practical equivalent circuits of single-phase two-winding transformers exhibit significant deviations from their idealized versions due to the inherent properties of winding resistance and finite core permeability. These properties result in real and reactive power losses, affecting the transformer's performance. Understanding these deviations is crucial for designing more efficient transformers.
In a practical transformer, each winding exhibits resistance and leakage reactance. The winding...
Per-Unit Sequence Models01:26

Per-Unit Sequence Models

An ideal Y-Y transformer, grounded through neutral impedances, displays per-unit sequence networks akin to those of a single-phase ideal transformer when subjected to balanced positive- or negative-sequence currents. These currents do not produce neutral currents, and their associated voltage drops.
Zero-sequence currents, which are identical in magnitude and phase, generate a neutral current, resulting in voltage drops across the neutral impedance and the low-voltage winding. If the...
Transformers01:26

Transformers

A device that transforms voltages from one value to another using induction is called a transformer. A transformer consists of two separate coils, or windings, wrapped around the same soft iron core. However, they are electrically insulated from each other.
The iron core has a substantial relative permeability. Therefore, the magnetic field lines generated due to the current in one winding are almost entirely confined within the core, such that the same magnetic flux permeates each turn of both...
Energy Losses in Transformers01:21

Energy Losses in Transformers

In an ideal transformer, it is assumed that there are no energy losses, and, hence, all the power at the primary winding is transferred to the secondary winding. However, in reality,  the transformers always have some energy losses, and, hence, the output power obtained at the secondary winding is less than the input power at the primary winding due to energy losses.
There are four main reasons for energy losses in transformers.
The first cause can be  the high resistance of the copper windings...

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Related Experiment Video

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Investigating the Potential of Singly Curved Thin Piezoelectric Transducers for Energy Harvesting and Structural Health Monitoring
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Published on: November 14, 2025

Piezoelectric transformer structural modeling--a review.

Jiashi Yang1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials and Application Technology, Xiangtan University, Ministry of Education, Xiangtan, Hunan, China. jyang1@unl.edu

IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control
|June 19, 2007
PubMed
Summary

This review covers piezoelectric transformer modeling, detailing their operating principles and behavior using piezoelectricity theory. It classifies various designs and discusses advanced thermal and nonlinear effects for improved performance.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrical Engineering
  • Solid State Physics

Background:

  • Piezoelectric transformers offer efficient voltage conversion.
  • Understanding their structural behavior is crucial for design optimization.
  • Existing models often focus on linear piezoelectricity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a comprehensive review of piezoelectric transformer structural modeling.
  • To analyze the operating principles and behavior based on linear piezoelectricity theory.
  • To discuss advanced modeling including thermal and nonlinear effects.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis of a Rosen transformer using extensional modes.
  • Classification of piezoelectric transformers by structure, mode, and capability.
  • Review of theoretical and numerical modeling results from piezoelectricity theory.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated operating principles and basic behavior of piezoelectric transformers.
  • Categorized various transformer designs based on key characteristics.
  • Highlighted the importance of considering thermal and nonlinear effects in advanced modeling.

Conclusions:

  • Structural modeling is key to understanding piezoelectric transformer performance.
  • Linear theory provides a foundation, but advanced effects require further investigation.
  • This review synthesizes current knowledge and identifies areas for future research.