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Related Concept Videos

Group Design02:01

Group Design

The most basic experimental design involves two groups: the experimental group and the control group. The two groups are designed to be the same except for one difference— experimental manipulation. The experimental group gets the experimental manipulation—that is, the treatment or variable being tested—and the control group does not. Since experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, we can be sure that any differences between the two are due to...
Bias01:22

Bias

Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
In statistics, a sampling bias is created when a sample is collected from a population, and some members of the population are not as likely to be chosen as others (remember, each member...
Surveys02:16

Surveys

Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.
Random Sampling Method01:09

Random Sampling Method

Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest. Among the various sampling methods used by...
Convenience Sampling Method00:55

Convenience Sampling Method

Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population.
Convenience sampling is a non-random method of sample selection; this method selects individuals that are easily accessible and may result in biased data. For example, a marketing...
Cluster Sampling Method01:20

Cluster Sampling Method

Appropriate sampling methods ensure that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
To choose a cluster sample, divide the population into clusters (groups) and then randomly select some of the clusters. All the members from these clusters are in the cluster sample. For example, if you randomly sample four departments from your...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Post-Movie Subliminal Measurement (PMSM), for Investigating Implicit Social Bias
09:03

Post-Movie Subliminal Measurement (PMSM), for Investigating Implicit Social Bias

Published on: February 29, 2020

STI research: recruiting an unbiased sample.

Jennifer L Reed1, Julie M Thistlethwaite, Jill S Huppert

  • 1Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA. jennifer.reed@cchmc.org

The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine
|June 20, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Parental consent requirements hinder adolescent enrollment in minimal risk sexually transmitted infection (STI) research, particularly for younger, non-Black females. This impacts study participation and data collection for critical public health research.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Post-Movie Subliminal Measurement (PMSM), for Investigating Implicit Social Bias
09:03

Post-Movie Subliminal Measurement (PMSM), for Investigating Implicit Social Bias

Published on: February 29, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Adolescent Health
  • Infectious Disease Research

Background:

  • Minors can consent to STI treatment but often require parental consent for research participation.
  • Adolescent participation in health research is crucial for understanding and addressing public health issues.
  • Parental consent requirements can create barriers to research enrollment for minors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine how age, race, and parental barriers influence adolescent enrollment in minimal risk STI research.
  • To identify differences between adolescents who accepted versus refused participation.
  • To understand the impact of parental consent on research participation.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study approached sexually active females (age 13-21) in an Emergency Department.
  • Participants underwent an interview, STI testing (vaginal swab, urine sample), and parental consent was required for those under 18.
  • Demographics, enrollment status, and reasons for ineligibility or refusal were recorded.

Main Results:

  • Over half (58%) of eligible females refused enrollment; parental consent/confidentiality was a cited reason for those under 18.
  • Refusal reasons did not differ by race.
  • Enrollees were more likely to be Black and aged 18 or older.
  • Age 18+ significantly increased enrollment likelihood for white/other females but not Black females.

Conclusions:

  • Parental consent requirements significantly limit participation in minimal risk STI research among adolescents.
  • Younger, non-Black females face particular challenges in enrolling due to parental consent.
  • Strategies to address parental consent barriers are needed to improve adolescent research participation.