Application of DNA array technology to mammalian embryos

Area of Science:

• Developmental Biology
• Genomics
• Reproductive Technologies

Background:

• Early embryogenesis relies on precise gene expression patterns.
• Fertilization and early cleavage involve significant chromatin and maternal RNA modifications.
• A species-specific event, the major onset of embryonic expression, marks increased activity of the new diploid genome.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review current DNA microarray technology approaches and limitations for analyzing gene expression during embryogenesis.
• To highlight the application of microarray technology in understanding embryonic development, stem cell proliferation, and gene reprogramming.
• To emphasize the utility of array technology in diagnostics for developmental aberrations and improving assisted reproduction and cloning.

Main Methods:

• Utilizing DNA microarray technology to determine the transcriptional profile of approximately 20,000 mammalian genes.
• Employing global RNA amplification due to limited mRNA in single embryos.
• Applying bioinformatic tools for gene expression level determination and background estimation.
• Analyzing clusters of genes representing specific biological pathways.

Main Results:

• Microarray technology allows for the first time a global view of gene expression during mammalian embryogenesis.
• Analysis of gene clusters provides insights into embryonic development, stem cell biology, and cloning.
• Development of arrays for specific questions like DNA methylation and microRNA expression.

Conclusions:

• DNA microarray technology is a powerful tool for studying embryonic development and gene expression.
• It serves as a diagnostic tool for detecting developmental abnormalities and enhancing reproductive technologies.
• The review emphasizes the application and limitations of this technology, particularly in bovine embryos.