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Related Concept Videos

Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
Halogens03:01

Halogens

Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. Astatine is a highly unstable radioactive element, so currently, most of its properties are unknown due to its short half-life. Tennessine is a synthetic element also predicted to be in this group.
Electrophiles02:28

Electrophiles

This lesson explains the definition, classification, and characteristic features of an electrophile that are key features of nucleophilic substitution reactions. An analysis of their charge and orbital picture helps understand their reactivity for seeking electrons. Electrophiles can be classified into positive and neutral species. Other classes include free radicals and polar functional groups.
While a positive electrophile, like a proton, reacts due to its vacant, low-energy 1s orbital, the...
Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols02:36

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.
Introduction to Functional Groups02:08

Introduction to Functional Groups


Functional groups are group of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups are found along the carbon backbone of macromolecules can form chains or rings of carbon atoms. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of common functional groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry. (The...
Molecular Shape and Polarity03:37

Molecular Shape and Polarity

Dipole Moment of a Molecule

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

A New Straightforward Method for Lipophilicity (logP) Measurement using 19F NMR Spectroscopy
09:32

A New Straightforward Method for Lipophilicity (logP) Measurement using 19F NMR Spectroscopy

Published on: January 30, 2019

The ester group: how hydrofluoroalkane-philic is it?

Robson P S Peguin1, Libo Wu, Sandro R P da Rocha

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|July 3, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Novel excipients enhance drug delivery via pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs). A biodegradable lactide-based copolymer surfactant improves budesonide dispersion stability in hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) propellants, crucial for poorly soluble drugs.

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Published on: March 24, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Materials Science
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • Pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs) are explored for systemic drug delivery via lungs.
  • Stability of drug suspensions in hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) propellants is critical, especially for poorly soluble drugs.
  • Novel excipients are needed to enhance the solubility and stability of drugs in HFA propellants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantitatively determine the hydrofluoroalkane (HFA)-philicity of a biodegradable ester moiety.
  • To investigate the relationship between the chemical properties of an excipient and its solvation in HFA.
  • To demonstrate the efficacy of a novel lactide (LA)-based copolymer surfactant in stabilizing drug dispersions for pMDIs.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized ab initio calculations to determine binding energies.
  • Employed chemical force microscopy (CFM) to measure adhesion forces.
  • Synthesized and characterized a lactide (LA)-based copolymer surfactant.

Main Results:

  • Ab initio calculations and CFM provided quantitative HFA-philicity data for the ester moiety.
  • Microscopic insights into the solvation behavior of the moiety in HFA were gained.
  • The synthesized LA-based copolymer surfactant successfully stabilized micronized budesonide in HFA227.

Conclusions:

  • The lactide (LA)-based moiety exhibits suitable properties for HFA-based pMDIs.
  • The developed surfactant enhances the stability of drug dispersions in HFA propellants.
  • This research supports the use of LA-based excipients for improved pMDI formulations.