Paracrine control of gonadotrophs

There is increasing evidence for communication among pituitary cells. Hormone-producing pituitary cells may communicate with each other and with folliculostellate cells. The latter cells surround pituitary hormone-producing cells and are connected by tight junctions to form a network that allows for their coordinated function. Folliculostellate cells are targets of cytokines, peptides, and steroid hormones, and produce growth factors and cytokines, including follistatin, the dynamic regulator of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) production that binds activin, and limits activin signaling. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) and its receptor are found in folliculostellate cells in which they stimulate transcription of the follistatin gene through cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A (PKA) signaling. When PACAP increases, follistatin levels increase, and FSH-beta mRNA is reduced. PACAP also activates gonadotrophs to stimulate transcription of the gonadotropin alpha-subunit gene and lengthen the LH-beta mRNA, presumably to prolong it half-life, and increases responsiveness to GnRH. Accordingly, PACAP differentially regulates FSH and LH, and may prove to be a key player in reproduction through a novel paracrine mechanism.