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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

Riboswitches

Riboswitches

Riboswitches are non-coding mRNA domains that regulate the transcription and translation of downstream genes without the help of proteins. Riboswitches bind directly to a metabolite and can form unique stem-loop or hairpin structures in response to the amount of the metabolite present. They have two distinct regions – a metabolite-binding aptamer and an expression platform.
The aptamer has high specificity for a particular metabolite which allows riboswitches to specifically regulate...

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

In Vitro SUMOylation Assay to Study SUMO E3 Ligase Activity

In Vitro SUMOylation Assay to Study SUMO E3 Ligase Activity

Published on: January 29, 2018

Sumoylation, a post-translational regulatory process in plants.

Kenji Miura¹, Jing Bo Jin, Paul M Hasegawa

¹Center for Plant Environmental Stress Physiology, Purdue University, 625 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2010, USA.

Current Opinion in Plant Biology

|August 28, 2007

Summary

Small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) conjugation is a key regulatory process in plants. This overview details SUMO system components and their roles in plant growth, stress responses, and development.

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Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

In Vitro SUMOylation Assay to Study SUMO E3 Ligase Activity

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Published on: January 29, 2018

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Published on: October 11, 2024

Identification of Post-translational Modifications of Plant Protein Complexes

Identification of Post-translational Modifications of Plant Protein Complexes

Published on: February 22, 2014

Area of Science:

Plant molecular biology
Post-translational modifications
Biochemistry

Background:

Sumoylation, the reversible conjugation of SUMO peptides to protein substrates, is a critical post-translational regulatory process conserved across eukaryotes, including plants.
Components of SUMO conjugation and deconjugation systems are found in diverse plant species like Arabidopsis, rice, tomato, and Medicago.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide an overview of the current understanding of SUMO conjugation and deconjugation mechanisms in plants.
To highlight the biological processes regulated by sumoylation in plants.

Main Methods:

Database annotation
Genetic analyses
Biochemical analyses

Main Results:

Specific plant SUMO components, such as Arabidopsis AtSUMO1/2, AtSCE1a, AtESD4, and AtSIZ1, have been identified and implicated in various biological processes.
AtSUMO1/2 and AtSCE1a are involved in abscisic acid (ABA) responses.
AtESD4 regulates flowering time, while AtSIZ1 influences phosphate starvation responses, cold tolerance, thermotolerance, SA-dependent pathogen defense, and flowering time.

Conclusions:

The SUMOylation system is a conserved and vital regulatory network in plants.
SUMOylation plays crucial roles in plant development, hormone signaling, and responses to environmental stresses.