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Related Concept Videos

Polyprotic Acids03:38

Polyprotic Acids

Acids are classified by the number of protons per molecule that they can give up in a reaction. Acids such as HCl, HNO3, and HCN that contain one ionizable hydrogen atom in each molecule are called monoprotic acids. Their reactions with water are:
Mixtures of Acids03:27

Mixtures of Acids

The pH of a solution containing an acid can be determined using its acid dissociation constant and its initial concentration. If a solution contains two different acids, then its pH can be determined using one of several methods depending upon the relative strength of the acids and their dissociation constants.
A Mixture of a Strong Acid and a Weak Acid
In a mixture of a strong acid and a weak acid, the strong acid dissociates completely and becomes a source of almost all the hydronium ions...
Mixtures of Acids01:19

Mixtures of Acids

The pH of a solution containing an acid can be determined using its acid dissociation constant and initial concentration. If a solution contains two different acids, then its pH can be determined using one of several methods depending on the relative strength of the acids and their dissociation constants.
In a strong and weak acid mixture, the strong acid dissociates completely and becomes a source of almost all the hydronium ions present in the solution. In contrast, the weak acid shows...
Acid Suppressive Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease: Antacids01:31

Acid Suppressive Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease: Antacids

In the complex environment of the gastric lumen, excessive acid secretion can lead to the formation or worsening of ulcers within the delicate mucosal layer. Antacids, such as sodium bicarbonate and calcium carbonate, provide relief by neutralizing this acid, transforming it into harmless salt and water. This neutralization process raises the gastric pH from a highly acidic level of 1 to a more basic 3-4, reducing the acidity within the stomach.
However, this neutralization reaction between...
Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions01:27

Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions

Acids and bases play several important roles in biology. The pH of a biological system can significantly impact the function of biological molecules, including enzymes, proteins, and nucleic acids. For example, enzymes have optimal pH ranges for their activity, and changes in pH can denature or alter their structure, affecting their function. Acids and bases also play a crucial role in cellular signaling and communication. The pH of the extracellular fluid around cells can influence the...
Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions03:26

Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions

An acid-base reaction is one in which a hydrogen ion, H+, is transferred from one chemical species to another. Such reactions are of central importance to numerous natural and technological processes, ranging from the chemical transformations within cells or lakes and oceans to the industrial-scale production of fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, and other substances essential to the society.

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Unveiling Histone Proteoforms using 2D-TAU Gel Electrophoresis
07:20

Unveiling Histone Proteoforms using 2D-TAU Gel Electrophoresis

Published on: October 18, 2024

Superacids.

G A Olah, G K Prakash, J Sommer

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |October 5, 1979
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Superacids, with acidities vastly exceeding sulfuric acid, enable the study of stable carbocations in solution. These powerful acids unlock novel organic syntheses and hydrocarbon transformations, including methane activation.

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    Area of Science:

    • Chemistry
    • Organic Chemistry
    • Physical Chemistry

    Background:

    • Superacids, first noted in 1927, have seen extensive study in the last decade.
    • Current superacid systems achieve acidities up to 10^12 times that of sulfuric acid.
    • The low nucleophilicity of superacid counterions is key to their unique reactivity.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To explore the capabilities of modern superacids in chemical synthesis and cation stabilization.
    • To investigate the potential of superacids for novel hydrocarbon transformations.
    • To enable the study of previously gas-phase-only species in solution.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing superacidic systems with extremely low nucleophilicity.
    • Employing superacids to stabilize electron-deficient carbocations.
    • Conducting organic syntheses and hydrocarbon transformations in superacid media.

    Main Results:

    • Stable, electron-deficient carbocations, previously only observed in the gas phase, are now studied in solution.
    • Novel organic syntheses, not feasible in conventional acids, are achieved.
    • Hydrocarbon transformations, including methane activation for electrophilic oligocondensation, are demonstrated.

    Conclusions:

    • Superacids provide unprecedented opportunities for studying reactive intermediates like carbocations.
    • They facilitate unique synthetic pathways for valuable hydrocarbons.
    • Superacids open new frontiers in chemistry, particularly in hydrocarbon activation and transformation.