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The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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The anterior neck muscles are the group of muscles covering the front part of the neck. These muscles are classified into three subgroups. The first one is the superficial muscles, the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. It includes the platysma and sternocleidomastoid. The second group is the suprahyoid muscles, located above the hyoid bone. This group comprises the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohyoid. Lastly, the infrahyoid muscles are found below the hyoid bone and...
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Crile's neck dissection.

Carl E Silver1, Alessandra Rinaldo, Alfio Ferlito

  • 1Department of Surgery and Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

George Crile pioneered radical neck dissection for head and neck cancer, significantly improving survival rates. This surgical approach, involving tumor and lymph node removal, remains foundational for modern cancer treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Surgical Oncology
  • Head and Neck Surgery

Background:

  • Head and neck cancers typically spread via lymphatic pathways in the neck.
  • Early surgical interventions were limited by the absence of blood transfusions, antibiotics, and advanced anesthesia.

Discussion:

  • George Crile advocated for block resection of the primary tumor and all neck lymphatics for curative intent.
  • He developed strategies to overcome surgical challenges, enabling radical neck dissection.
  • This approach was particularly effective in patients with clinically evident neck metastasis.

Key Insights:

  • Block resection demonstrated a 75% 3-year survival rate compared to 19% without it.
  • Crile's work established the efficacy of comprehensive surgical management for head and neck malignancies.
  • The study highlights the importance of lymphatic drainage in head and neck cancer progression.

Outlook:

  • Crile's surgical precepts form the basis of contemporary head and neck cancer treatment.
  • Further advancements in surgical techniques and supportive care continue to build upon this foundation.
  • Continued research into oncologic principles and surgical innovation is essential.