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Effect of topical cyclosporine on tear functions in tear-deficient dry eyes

Arun K Jain1, Jaspreet Sukhija, Sujata Dwedi

  • 1Cornea and External Diseases Section, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India. aronkjain@yahoo.com

Annals of Ophthalmology (Skokie, Ill.)
|October 5, 2007
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Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...