New observations on the gastroesophageal antireflux barrier

The use of high-frequency ultrasound transducers combined with manometry in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract has yielded important findings concerning the anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of the high-pressure zone of the gastroesophageal junction and the sphincteric muscles within. These transducers have made previously invisible portions of the GI tract accessible to investigation. Three distinct high-pressure zones have been identified and correlated with anatomic structures: the extrinsic sphincter (crural diaphragm) and the two components of the intrinsic sphincter (an upper LES and a lower LES [the gastric sling fiber/clasp fiber complex]). This article discusses the possible underlying pathophysiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease; the biomechanics of the gastroesophageal junction high-pressure zone; and the mechanism of action of standard surgical and newer endoscopic therapies for gastroesophageal reflux disease.