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Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury
Published on: August 5, 2014
Adolescents' pain experiences following acute blunt traumatic injury: struggle for internal control
Margie Crandall1, Susan Kools, Christine Miaskowski
1Center for Nursing Research, University of California Davis Health System, Sacramento, CA, USA. margie.crandall@ucdmc.ucdavis.edu
Issues And Purpose:
Although blunt trauma injury is a common cause for adolescent pain, little is known about the experience of pain as perceived by adolescents.
Design And Method:
Semistructured interviews were conducted with 13 adolescents following blunt trauma injury. Two age-appropriate valid measures (i.e., Adolescent Pediatric Pain Tool and Temporal Dot Matrix) were incorporated into the interviews to elaborate their pain experiences. Grounded theory method was used to analyze data and build substantive theory.
Results:
Adolescents' behavioral and cognitive actions (i.e., "internal control") to manage and endure pain were influenced by their pain perceptions, physical losses, and clinicians' actions.
Practice Implications:
Nurses, family members, and peers have a crucial role in alleviating adolescents' distress and pain.
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