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Related Concept Videos

Accuracy and Precision01:52

Accuracy and Precision

Scientists typically make repeated measurements of a quantity to ensure the quality of their findings and to evaluate both the precision and the accuracy of their results. Measurements are said to be precise if they yield very similar results when repeated in the same manner. A measurement is considered accurate if it yields a result that is very close to the true or the accepted value. Precise values agree with each other; accurate values agree with a true value.  Highly accurate measurements...
Accuracy and Precision01:52

Accuracy and Precision

Scientists typically make repeated measurements of a quantity to ensure the quality of their findings and to evaluate both the precision and the accuracy of their results. Measurements are said to be precise if they yield very similar results when repeated in the same manner. A measurement is considered accurate if it yields a result that is very close to the true or the accepted value. Precise values agree with each other; accurate values agree with a true value.  Highly accurate measurements...
Projectile Motion: Example01:18

Projectile Motion: Example

The theory of projectile motion is very useful for players of several sports to improve their performance. For example, a javelin thrower needs to throw their javelin in such a way that it travels as far as possible. The javelin thrower takes a short run-up to increase the initial speed of the javelin. The range of a projectile is at its maximum at a 45° angle so javelin throwers try to angle their throw as close to 45° as possible.
When we speak of the range (R) of a projectile on level...
Impact: Problem Solving01:26

Impact: Problem Solving

In an experiment conducted during a Mars mission, a rover propels a projectile with an initial velocity, and the projectile rebounds after colliding with the Martian surface. To ascertain the maximum height attained by the projectile after this collision, the known restitution coefficient and acceleration due to gravity are employed.
By designating the launch point as the origin and utilizing kinematic equations, the vertical component of the projectile's velocity at the point of impact is...
Projectile Motion01:20

Projectile Motion

An object thrown in the air follows a parabolic path under the influence of Earth's gravitational force. The motion of such an object is called projectile motion, and the object itself a projectile. The parabolic path followed by the projectile is called the trajectory. Some common examples of projectile motion are the launching of fireworks, a golf ball in the air, meteors entering the Earth's atmosphere, and the firing of bullets.
When an object falls under gravity and has no horizontal...
Projectile Motion01:25

Projectile Motion

Projectile motion models the flight of an object launched into the air, such as a soccer ball kicked during a penalty, under the simplifying assumption that air resistance is negligible. When gravity is the only force, the object experiences a steady downward acceleration at all times. This single fact explains why projectile motion can be analyzed as two independent motions happening simultaneously: a horizontal motion that does not speed up or slow down, and a vertical motion that continually...

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Related Experiment Video

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The Impact of Motor Task Conditions on Goal-Directed Arm Reaching Kinematics and Trunk Compensation in Chronic Stroke Survivors
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Hitting the target: relatively easy, yet absolutely difficult.

Alistair P Mapp1, Hiroshi Ono, Mykola Khokhotva

  • 1Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. amapp@yorku.ca

Perception
|November 2, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Relative-direction judgments are precise and do not need eye position information. Absolute-direction judgments, however, require binocular eye position data for accuracy, especially during monocular viewing.

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Area of Science:

  • Visual perception
  • Human psychophysics
  • Oculomotor function

Background:

  • Absolute-direction judgments are thought to require eye position information, while relative-direction judgments do not.
  • The specific source of crucial eye-position information, particularly in monocular viewing, remains debated.
  • Potential sources include binocular eye position or the position of the viewing eye alone.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the necessity of eye position information for absolute- and relative-direction judgments.
  • To determine whether binocular or monocular eye position is critical for accurate direction judgments.
  • To compare judgment accuracy in ecologically valid scenarios versus traditional laboratory settings.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments were conducted using ecologically valid tasks: dart throwing and laser gun aiming.
  • Observers performed monocular and binocular fixations on targets or aiming devices.
  • Accuracy and precision of absolute- and relative-direction judgments were measured, correlating with phoria.

Main Results:

  • Relative-direction judgments were found to be precise and unaffected by phoria (eye misalignment).
  • Monocular absolute-direction judgments were inaccurate, with errors predictable by phoria magnitude.
  • Binocular eye-position information was demonstrated as essential for accurate absolute-direction judgments in both monocular and binocular viewing.

Conclusions:

  • Relative-direction judgments do not necessitate eye position information.
  • Binocular eye-position cues are crucial for the accurate perception of absolute direction.
  • The findings highlight the importance of binocular information for spatial orientation and egocentric localization.