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Related Concept Videos

Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly01:19

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly

As part of their replication cycle, certain viruses synthesize long precursor proteins called polyproteins within infected host cells. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), two major polyproteins are produced: Gag and Gag-Pol. The Gag polyprotein supplies the structural components of the virus, while Gag-Pol includes essential viral enzymes such as reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease. After synthesis, these polyproteins move to the host cell membrane, where they assemble into an...
Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
Inhibitors Of Virion Release01:25

Inhibitors Of Virion Release

Viral replication and dissemination rely on efficient mechanisms for host cell entry, genome replication, assembly, and release. Influenza viruses, such as types A and B, are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome, that depend on two critical surface glycoproteins to carry out these processes: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA initiates infection by binding to sialic acid residues on the surface of host epithelial cells, facilitating receptor-mediated...
Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...

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Oral Combinational Antiretroviral Treatment in HIV-1 Infected Humanized Mice
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HIV controllers: how do they tame the virus?

Asier Sáez-Cirión1, Gianfranco Pancino, Martine Sinet

  • 1Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75725 Paris Cedex 15, France. asiersc@pasteur.fr

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Rare HIV controllers maintain undetectable viral loads without treatment, likely due to a strong CD8(+) T-cell response. Understanding this control mechanism offers insights into AIDS pathogenesis and vaccine development.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • HIV controllers are rare individuals with chronic HIV-1 infection and undetectable viral loads without antiretroviral therapy.
  • Despite controlling the virus, most HIV controllers harbor replication-competent HIV-1 strains.
  • A robust, multifunctional HIV-specific CD8(+) T-cell response is hypothesized to be key to spontaneous viral control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on the mechanisms of spontaneous HIV control.
  • To investigate the characteristics of CD8(+) T-cell responses in HIV controllers.
  • To inform AIDS pathogenesis understanding and HIV vaccine design.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes recent research findings.
  • Focuses on studies investigating HIV controllers and their immune responses.
  • Examines data on viral load, viral competence, and T-cell functionality.

Main Results:

  • HIV controllers exhibit effective, multifunctional HIV-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses.
  • These responses are crucial for maintaining undetectable viral replication.
  • The specific characteristics of these T-cell responses are under intensive investigation.

Conclusions:

  • Effective CD8(+) T-cell responses are central to spontaneous HIV control.
  • Studying HIV controllers provides critical insights into HIV pathogenesis and AIDS.
  • Findings may guide the development of novel therapeutic and vaccine strategies against HIV-1.