Sjögren syndrome

Area of Science:

• Immunology
• Rheumatology
• Ophthalmology

Background:

• Sjögren syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of exocrine glands.
• It can manifest as primary Sjögren syndrome or secondary to other autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and progressive systemic sclerosis.
• A revised international consensus aids in diagnosis based on symptoms and objective signs.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review recent advancements in understanding the etiopathogenesis and immunopathology of primary Sjögren syndrome.
• To highlight current and emerging therapeutic strategies for managing Sjögren syndrome.
• To provide an overview of treatment options for both systemic and ocular manifestations.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of recent studies on Sjögren syndrome.
• Analysis of current therapeutic approaches, including systemic and medical/surgical treatments for dry eye.
• Synthesis of information on disease mechanisms and management.

Main Results:

• Recent research has expanded the understanding of primary Sjögren syndrome's underlying mechanisms and immunopathology.
• Therapeutic options encompass systemic treatments (steroidal, nonsteroidal, disease-modifying, cytotoxic agents) and specific management for dry eye (aqueous enhancement, anti-inflammatory therapy, secretagogues, punctal occlusion, tarsorrhaphy, botulinum toxin).

Conclusions:

• Continued research is crucial for a deeper understanding of Sjögren syndrome's complex mechanisms.
• A multifaceted approach combining systemic and targeted therapies is essential for effective patient management.
• Advances in understanding offer improved therapeutic strategies for Sjögren syndrome patients.