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Related Concept Videos

Poliomyelitis01:17

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virus initially replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal mucosa, particularly in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and regional lymph nodes. Primary viremia follows, allowing dissemination throughout the body.In most...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Rabies01:28

Rabies

Rabies is a lethal zoonotic disease caused by a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus of the Lyssavirus genus, within the family Rhabdoviridae. Its primary mode of transmission to humans is through bites or saliva-contaminated scratches from infected mammals such as dogs, bats, raccoons, or foxes. Transmission can also occur if infectious saliva contacts abraded skin or intact mucous membranes, including the conjunctiva.Viral Entry and Early ReplicationOnce introduced at the bite or scratch...
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever01:26

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) is a severe tick-borne illness caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, a Gram-negative, coccobacillary bacterium. This pathogen is an obligate intracellular parasite, requiring a host cell for replication. Transmission occurs through the bite of an infected tick. In the United States, the most important vectors are Dermacentor variabilis (American dog tick) and Dermacentor andersoni (Rocky Mountain wood tick), though other tick species may also serve as vectors.
Diphtheria01:28

Diphtheria

Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...
Botulism01:22

Botulism

Botulism is a life-threatening neuroparalytic condition caused by botulinum neurotoxin, which is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, a Gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe.In adults, the toxin enters the body in different ways: in foodborne botulism, the preformed toxin is absorbed in the intestine. In wound botulism, spores grow in injured tissue and release the toxin into the blood. Infant botulism differs mechanistically from adult forms. In infants, botulism commonly...

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Whole Body Vibration Methods with Survivors of Polio
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Whole Body Vibration Methods with Survivors of Polio

Published on: October 17, 2018

[Paralytic poliomyelitis in Russian Federation in 1998-2005].

O E Ivanova, T P Eremeeva, E V Leshchinskaia

    Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii I Immunobiologii
    |November 28, 2007
    PubMed
    Summary

    Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) occurred at low rates in the Russian Federation, primarily affecting infants and those with immune deficiencies. Most cases involved vaccine-derived polioviruses, predominantly type 3.

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    Particle Agglutination Method for Poliovirus Identification

    Published on: April 20, 2011

    Area of Science:

    • Virology
    • Epidemiology
    • Immunology

    Context:

    • Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance in the Russian Federation from 1998-2005 registered 3,294 cases.
    • Of these, 93 presented with poliomyelitis symptoms, leading to 91 classified as vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP).

    Purpose:

    • To analyze the incidence, characteristics, and etiological agents of VAPP cases in the Russian Federation.
    • To assess the risk factors and demographic distribution of VAPP.

    Summary:

    • VAPP rates were low: 1 per 1.6 million oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) doses distributed. Infants under one year and individuals with immune defects were most affected.
    • Most VAPP cases (66 recipients, 25 contacts) were linked to vaccine-derived polioviruses, particularly type 3. A divergent type 1 poliovirus was identified in a contact VAPP case.
    • The mean interval between OPV administration and VAPP onset was 21 days, with most recipient cases occurring after the first OPV dose.

    Impact:

    • Findings highlight the risks associated with OPV, especially in vulnerable populations, and the importance of continued surveillance for VAPP.
    • The study demonstrates the potential for vaccine-derived polioviruses to cause VAPP and underscores the immune system's capacity to generate neutralizing antibodies even in immunodeficient individuals.