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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Virtual Hand with Ambiguous Movement between the Self and Other Origin: Sense of Ownership and 'Other-Produced' Agency
08:01

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Published on: October 28, 2020

Agency, subjective time, and other minds.

Kai Engbert1, Andreas Wohlschläger, Richard Thomas

  • 1Department of Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Müenchen, Germany. kaiengbert@hotmail.com

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance
|December 19, 2007
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Intentional binding, the perceived temporal link between actions and effects, is stronger for self-generated actions. This effect is more pronounced when actions lead to external events rather than bodily sensations.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Human Perception

Background:

  • Intentional binding describes the temporal attraction between perceived action and effect timing.
  • Previous research primarily used direct time judgments of actions or effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate intentional binding using a novel method: time interval estimation.
  • To explore the influence of action generation (self vs. other) and effect type (somatic vs. external) on intentional binding.

Main Methods:

  • Three experiments were conducted using interval estimation between voluntary actions and subsequent effects.
  • Actions were either self-generated or performed by an experimenter.
  • Effects involved movements applied to the participant's or experimenter's body, or external events.

Main Results:

  • Interval estimation successfully validated as a method for studying action awareness.
  • Intentional binding was significantly stronger for self-generated actions compared to observed actions.
  • Intentional binding did not differ based on whether the effect was somatic (on self or other).
  • For self-generated actions, external events produced stronger intentional binding than somatic effects.

Conclusions:

  • Private information about action execution contributes to the sense of agency and intentional binding.
  • Intentional binding is particularly sensitive to the link between self-generated actions and their consequences in the external world.