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Chemical factors such as changing CO2, O2, and H+ levels in arterial blood play a critical role in influencing respiration depth and rates. These variations are detected by chemoreceptors—specialized sensors located in two primary body areas. Central chemoreceptors are found throughout the brain stem, including the ventrolateral medulla, while peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries.
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Updated: Jul 8, 2026

MRI Mapping of Cerebrovascular Reactivity via Gas Inhalation Challenges

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Published on: December 17, 2014

Age effects on brain oxygenation during hypercapnia.

Rodolfo Gatto¹, William E Hoffman, Mark Mueller

¹University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Neurosurgery, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.

Journal of Biomedical Optics

|January 1, 2008

Summary

Aging reduces the brain

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Physiology
Medical Imaging

Background:

Cerebrovasodilation response to hypercapnia is known to decrease with age.
Brain oxygenation changes during hypercapnia in aging populations require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate if normal aging attenuates increases in prefrontal cortex oxygenation during hypercapnia.
To correlate age with changes in oxyhemoglobin (OHb) and deoxyhemoglobin (HHb) during induced hypercapnia.

Main Methods:

Utilized frequency domain tissue oximetry to measure prefrontal cortex OHb and HHb in 13 healthy adults (ages 26-59).
Assessed brain oxygenation under spontaneous breathing, 100% oxygen ventilation, and rebreathing to induce hypercapnia (increased end-tidal CO2).

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Retinal Vascular Reactivity as Assessed by Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

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MRI Mapping of Cerebrovascular Reactivity via Gas Inhalation Challenges

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Published on: December 17, 2014

Retinal Vascular Reactivity as Assessed by Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

Retinal Vascular Reactivity as Assessed by Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

Published on: March 26, 2020

Main Results:

Baseline OHb showed a negative correlation with age.
Hypercapnia significantly increased OHb and total blood volume, with these increases being negatively correlated with age.
Age was also positively correlated with baseline OHb.

Conclusions:

Normal aging is associated with attenuated increases in brain oxygenation during hypercapnia.
Reduced cerebral vasodilation in older adults may explain the decreased OHb response to hypercapnia.