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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Adjuvant Activity of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in Enhancing the Immunogenicity of Autoantigens During Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Adjuvant Activity of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in Enhancing the Immunogenicity of Autoantigens During Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: May 12, 2023

The adjuvant effect in infection and autoimmunity.

¹Johns Hopkins Center for Autoimmune Disease Research, Johns Hopkins University, 615 N. Wolfe St., MMI, E5009, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. nrrose@jhsph.edu

Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology

|January 5, 2008

Summary

Infections can trigger autoimmune diseases by providing an adjuvant effect, which is a crucial second signal for immune responses. This effect, often mediated by innate immunity, directs the development of pathogenic adaptive immunity.

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Autoimmunity
Infectious Disease

Background:

Infections are implicated as triggers for human autoimmune diseases.
Pathogenic adaptive immune responses require both antigen-specific activation and a non-antigen-specific second signal, termed the adjuvant effect.
The adjuvant effect is critical for initiating autoimmune conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the role of the adjuvant effect in infection-induced autoimmunity.
To understand the mechanisms by which infections initiate autoimmune responses.
To investigate the contribution of innate immune components to the adjuvant effect.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on infection-induced autoimmunity and adjuvant effects.
Analysis of experimental models, including thyroiditis and myocarditis induction.
Examination of the involvement of toll-like receptors and mast cells in the adjuvant effect.

Main Results:

Specific examples demonstrate the adjuvant effect in experimental thyroiditis using muramyl dipeptide or lipopolysaccharide.
Proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha) can provide an adjuvant effect, inducing myocarditis in resistant mice.
The adjuvant effect typically occurs early post-infection during the innate immune response.

Conclusions:

Infections provide essential adjuvant effects that drive autoimmune disease initiation.
The adjuvant effect, partly mediated by toll-like receptors and mast cells, guides subsequent adaptive immune responses.
Understanding the adjuvant effect is key to deciphering the mechanisms of infection-triggered autoimmunity.