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Amino acids03:42

Amino acids

Amino acids are the monomers that comprise proteins. Each amino acid has the same fundamental structure, which consists of a central carbon atom, or the alpha (α) carbon, bonded to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and to a hydrogen atom. Every amino acid also has another atom or group of atoms bonded to the central atom known as the R group. There are 20 common amino acids present in proteins, each with a different R group. Variation in the amino acid sequence is responsible for...
Acidity of Carboxylic Acids01:21

Acidity of Carboxylic Acids

Carboxylic acids are the strongest organic acids. However, their acidic strength is much less than mineral acids like HCl. Carboxylic acids ionize in water and readily lose the hydroxyl proton to form a resonance-stabilized carboxylate ion.
Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
Tooth Anatomy01:21

Tooth Anatomy

The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or grinding food.
Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways01:29

Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways

Amino acid biosynthesis is essential for cell growth, protein synthesis, and metabolic regulation. Cells generate essential and non-essential amino acids from metabolic intermediates to sustain vital biological functions. These intermediates originate from key metabolic pathways: glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Important precursors include α-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and erythrose-4-phosphate, which provide...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 28, 2026

Development of Amelogenin-chitosan Hydrogel for In Vitro Enamel Regrowth with a Dense Interface
08:26

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Basic amino acid in the pathogenesis of caries.

L Vranić1, P Granić, Z Rajić

  • 1School of Dentistry, University of Zagreb.

Acta Stomatologica Croatica
|January 1, 1991
PubMed
Summary

Saliva analysis in children revealed lower arginine and absent histidine in those with caries. These amino acid changes may indicate a higher risk for developing cavities.

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Pediatric Dentistry
  • Oral Health Research

Background:

  • Dental caries is a prevalent childhood disease.
  • Salivary composition can reflect systemic health and disease risk.
  • Amino acids play crucial roles in biological processes, including oral health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the salivary amino acid profile in children with caries.
  • To compare amino acid levels between children with and without caries.
  • To identify potential salivary biomarkers for caries risk.

Main Methods:

  • Ion exchange chromatography was used to analyze total saliva amino acid patterns.
  • A study group of 43 children (aged 12-15) with caries was compared to a control group of 39 children without caries.

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  • Quantitative analysis of specific amino acids, including arginine and histidine, was performed.

    • Main Results:

    • Children with caries exhibited significantly lower arginine levels (22.02 mumol/l) compared to controls (28.36 mumol/l).
    • A complete absence of histidine and its derivatives was noted in the saliva of children with caries.
    • Control group saliva contained 1-methylhistidine at 26.34 mumol/l.

    Conclusions:

    • Decreased salivary arginine concentration may be associated with an increased risk of dental caries.
    • The lack of histidine and its derivatives in saliva could be an indicator of heightened caries susceptibility.
    • Salivary amino acid profiling shows potential for identifying children at risk for caries.