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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Memorization-Based Training and Testing Paradigm for Robust Vocal Identity Recognition in Expressive Speech Using Event-Related Potentials Analysis
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How communication goals determine when audience tuning biases memory.

Gerald Echterhoff1, E Tory Higgins, René Kopietz

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany. gerald.echterhoff@uni-bielefeld.de

Journal of Experimental Psychology. General
|February 6, 2008
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Summary

Communicators adapt messages for audiences, sometimes altering their own memories to match. This audience-congruent memory bias is stronger when the goal is creating shared reality, not other motives.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Social Psychology
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Communicators often adjust messages for audience reception.
  • This adaptation can lead to biased memories, aligning with the tuned message (audience-congruent memory bias).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how different goals of message tuning influence audience-congruent memory bias.
  • To explore the underlying mechanisms of this memory bias.

Main Methods:

  • Four experiments were conducted to examine memory bias under various audience tuning goals.
  • Meta-analyses were used to confirm findings across experiments.

Main Results:

  • Audience-congruent memory bias was significantly greater when tuning aimed to create a shared reality compared to nonshared reality goals.
  • The bias was mediated by epistemic trust in the audience-congruent view.
  • Rehearsal, accurate retrieval, discrimination ability, or contrast effects did not mediate the bias.

Conclusions:

  • The goal of creating a shared reality is a key factor amplifying audience-congruent memory bias.
  • Epistemic trust, reflecting a sense of shared reality, plays a central role in this memory phenomenon.