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Related Concept Videos

Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term Depression01:05

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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term Potentiation01:25

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term Depression01:03

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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Principles of Classical Conditioning01:23

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Classical conditioning, as described by Ivan Pavlov, is a foundational concept in associative learning, where a neutral stimulus becomes capable of eliciting a conditioned response through association with an unconditioned stimulus. The process of acquisition, where this learning occurs, and the subsequent phenomena of contiguity, contingency, generalization, discrimination, extinction, and spontaneous recovery are crucial for a comprehensive understanding of classical conditioning.
During the...
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Real-World Application of Classical Conditioning01:15

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Classical conditioning not only includes the initial pairing of stimuli but also extends to more complex forms, such as higher-order conditioning. Higher-order conditioning involves creating associations beyond the primary conditioned stimulus, resulting in a chain of conditioned responses.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear
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Long-term benefit of postconditioning.

Hélène Thibault1, Christophe Piot, Patrick Staat

  • 1Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.

Circulation
|February 13, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ischemic postconditioning significantly reduces infarct size and improves heart function long-term in acute myocardial infarction patients. This protective effect persists months after the initial event, enhancing recovery.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Cardiovascular Research
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Ischemic postconditioning previously shown to reduce creatine kinase release, a marker for infarct size in acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
  • Investigated the long-term effects of postconditioning on infarct size and myocardial function recovery in AMI patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if ischemic postconditioning provides persistent infarct size limitation.
  • To assess if postconditioning improves myocardial contractile function recovery several months after infarction.

Main Methods:

  • 38 patients with first ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention were randomized.
  • Postconditioning involved repeated angioplasty balloon inflation/deflation after reperfusion.
  • Infarct size assessed by enzyme release and 201thallium SPECT at 6 months; contractile function by echocardiography at 1 year.

Main Results:

  • Postconditioning group showed a significantly smaller infarct size at 6 months (11.8% vs 19.5% SPECT index, P=0.04).
  • Reduced creatine kinase (-40%) and troponin I (-47%) release observed in the postconditioned group.
  • Postconditioned patients had a 7% greater left ventricular ejection fraction at 1 year (P=0.04).

Conclusions:

  • Ischemic postconditioning offers a persistent reduction in infarct size in AMI patients.
  • Postconditioning leads to improved long-term recovery of myocardial contractile function.