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Predator-Prey Interactions

Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.Although predation is commonly associated with carnivory, for...
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A Fully Automated and Highly Versatile System for Testing Multi-cognitive Functions and Recording Neuronal Activities in Rodents
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Capturing pluripotency.

Jose Silva1, Austin Smith

  • 1Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK.

Cell
|February 26, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pluripotent epiblast founder cells and embryonic stem (ES) cells represent a mammalian cell

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Stem cell biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Pluripotent epiblast founder cells in embryos and embryonic stem (ES) cells in culture are crucial for mammalian development and regenerative medicine.
  • Understanding the fundamental state of these cells is key to unlocking their full potential.
  • Current understanding of the 'ground state' of mammalian cells requires further elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose that pluripotent epiblast founder cells and ES cells represent the ground state of mammalian cells.
  • To define this ground state by freedom from developmental specification and epigenetic restriction.
  • To explore the role of cell-to-cell variation in maintaining self-renewal and lineage potential.

Main Methods:

  • This essay presents a theoretical framework based on existing literature and established biological principles.
  • It synthesizes concepts from developmental biology, stem cell biology, and epigenetics.
  • No new experimental data was generated; the approach is conceptual and argumentative.

Main Results:

  • The ground state of mammalian cells is characterized by pluripotency, lack of developmental commitment, and epigenetic plasticity.
  • Embryonic stem (ES) cells in culture and epiblast founder cells in vivo share these characteristics.
  • Cell-to-cell variation within a population of ES cells is hypothesized to be essential for maintaining pluripotency and enabling differentiation.

Conclusions:

  • Pluripotent epiblast founder cells and ES cells are in a 'ground state' of mammalian cell biology.
  • This state is defined by self-replication capacity and absence of epigenetic restrictions.
  • Intrinsic cell-to-cell variability is crucial for the functional maintenance of this ground state and future differentiation potential.