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Related Concept Videos

IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:26

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
There are three main types of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy  (ICP-AES) instruments: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments, with the latter being less commonly used.
UV–Vis Spectrometers01:14

UV–Vis Spectrometers

The absorbance of UV and visible (UV–visible) radiations is measured using a UV–visible spectrophotometer. Deuterium lamps, which emit UV radiation, and tungsten lamps, which produce radiation in the visible region, are used as light sources in UV–visible spectrophotometers. A monochromator or prism is used for diffraction grating, i.e., to split the incoming radiation into different wavelengths. A system of slits is used to focus the desired wavelength on the sample cell. Samples for...
Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy01:26

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...
Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy01:16

Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

Confocal microscopy is an advanced microscopic technique. The prime advantage of the confocal microscope over other microscopy techniques is its ability to block the out-of-focus light from the illuminated samples using pinholes. It is widely used with fluorescence optics to obtain high-resolution, sharp contrast images. Unlike optical microscopes, confocal microscopes use a focused beam of light laser to scan the entire sample surface at different z-planes. These microscopes are, therefore,...
Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview01:09

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Fabrication of High Contrast Gratings for the Spectrum Splitting Dispersive Element in a Concentrated Photovoltaic System
12:08

Fabrication of High Contrast Gratings for the Spectrum Splitting Dispersive Element in a Concentrated Photovoltaic System

Published on: July 18, 2015

Convex grating types for concentric imaging spectrometers.

P Mouroulis, D W Wilson, P D Maker

    Applied Optics
    |February 28, 2008
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Electron-beam lithography enables novel convex gratings with high efficiency. These advanced diffraction gratings offer superior performance for optical designers, especially in concentric spectrometer applications.

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    Fabrication of High Contrast Gratings for the Spectrum Splitting Dispersive Element in a Concentrated Photovoltaic System
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    Multimodal Nonlinear Hyperspectral Chemical Imaging Using Line-Scanning Vibrational Sum-Frequency Generation Microscopy

    Published on: December 1, 2023

    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Conventional holographic and ruled gratings have limitations in efficiency and design flexibility.
    • Electron-beam lithography offers advanced fabrication capabilities for optical components.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the properties and performance of convex gratings fabricated using electron-beam lithography.
    • To demonstrate the advantages of these novel gratings over conventional types.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of three types of convex gratings using electron-beam lithography.
    • Characterization of grating efficiency, scatter, and wavelength response.
    • Comparison with holographic and ruled gratings.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved high peak efficiencies of approximately 88% (1st order) and 85% (2nd order) for true blazed gratings.
    • Developed multi-panel and modified groove profiles for enhanced flexibility and bandwidth.
    • Demonstrated favorable comparison with conventional gratings in efficiency and scatter.

    Conclusions:

    • Electron-beam lithography is a viable technique for producing high-performance convex gratings.
    • These gratings offer significant advantages for optical design, particularly for concentric spectrometers.
    • Simple scalar models accurately predict the performance of these novel gratings.