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Related Concept Videos

Modes of Standing Waves - I01:03

Modes of Standing Waves - I

A close look at earthquakes provides evidence for the conditions appropriate for resonance, standing waves, and constructive and destructive interference. A building may vibrate for several seconds with a driving frequency matching the building's natural frequency of vibration; this produces a resonance that results in one building collapsing while the neighboring buildings do not. Often, buildings of a certain height are devastated, while other taller buildings remain intact. This phenomenon...
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Sometimes waves do not seem to move; rather, they just vibrate in place. Unmoving waves can be seen on the surface of a glass of milk kept in a refrigerator, which is one example of standing waves. Vibrations from the refrigerator motor create waves on the milk that oscillate up and down but do not seem to move across the surface. These waves are formed or created by the superposition of two or more identical moving waves in opposite directions. The waves move through each other, with their...
Modes of Standing Waves: II01:04

Modes of Standing Waves: II

The starting point for expressing the modes of standing waves is understanding the boundary conditions that the waves must follow. The boundary conditions are derived from the physical understanding of how the standing waves are sustained, that is, how the vibrating particles of the medium behave at the boundaries imposed on them.
For a tube open at one end and closed at the other filled with air, the modes are such that there is always an antinode at the open end and a node at the closed end.
Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

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A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
Generating Electromagnetic Radiations01:10

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The German physicist Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894) was the first to generate and detect certain types of electromagnetic waves in the laboratory. Starting in 1887, he performed a series of experiments that confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves and verified that they travel at the speed of light. Hertz used an alternating-current RLC (resistor-inductor-capacitor) circuit that resonated at a known frequency and connected it to a loop of wire. High voltages induced across the gap in the...
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Electromagnetic waves can be reflected; the surface of a conductor or a dielectric can act as a reflector. As electric and magnetic fields obey the superposition principle, so do electromagnetic waves. The superposition of an incident wave and a reflected electromagnetic wave produces a standing wave analogous to the standing waves created on a stretched string.
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Harmonic Nanoparticles for Regenerative Research
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Spatiotemporal toroidal waves from the transverse second-harmonic generation.

Solomon M Saltiel1, Dragomir N Neshev, Robert Fischer

  • 1Nonlinear Physics Center and Laser Physics Center, Center for Ultra-High Bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems, (CUDOS), Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.

Optics Letters
|March 4, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers generated toroidal second-harmonic waves from ultrashort laser pulses in nonlinear photonic structures. The wave

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Area of Science:

  • Nonlinear Optics
  • Photonics
  • Quantum Optics

Background:

  • Second-harmonic generation (SHG) is a fundamental nonlinear optical process.
  • Controlling SHG in photonic structures is crucial for optical device applications.
  • Previous studies have focused on conventional SHG, but toroidal wave generation is less explored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the generation of spatially expanding toroidal second-harmonic waves.
  • To explore the formation of these waves in different chi(2) photonic structures.
  • To understand the role of pulse characteristics in toroidal wave formation.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical study of second-harmonic generation.
  • Numerical simulations of ultrashort pulse interaction in nonlinear photonic structures.
  • Analysis of wave propagation and spatial characteristics.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated the formation of spatially expanding toroidal second-harmonic waves.
  • Showed that the initial thickness of the toroid is determined by the cross-correlation of counterpropagating ultrashort pulses.
  • Observed toroidal wave formation in both random ferroelectric domain crystals and annularly poled nonlinear photonic structures.

Conclusions:

  • Spatially expanding toroidal second-harmonic waves can be generated via transversely matched interaction of ultrashort pulses.
  • The presented method offers a novel way to create structured light in the form of toroidal waves.
  • This work opens possibilities for new applications in nonlinear optics and photonics.