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Muscles of the Shoulder

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

The Modified Single-working Portal Technique Using Lasso-loop Stitch with Needle for Arthroscopic Subscapularis Repair

The Modified Single-working Portal Technique Using Lasso-loop Stitch with Needle for Arthroscopic Subscapularis Repair

Published on: August 8, 2025

Shoulder strength after open versus arthroscopic stabilization.

Laurie A Hiemstra¹, Treny M Sasyniuk, Nicholas G H Mohtadi

¹FRCS(C Banff Sport Medicine, PO Box 1300, Banff, Alberta, Canada. hiemstra@banffsportmed.ca

The American Journal of Sports Medicine

|March 6, 2008

Summary

Open versus arthroscopic shoulder stabilization shows no significant strength differences. Both surgical methods result in strength deficits compared to the uninjured limb, with arm dominance influencing outcomes.

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Published on: June 6, 2025

Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Sports Medicine
Biomechanics

Background:

The primary distinction between arthroscopic and open shoulder stabilization techniques lies in the subscapularis tendon's integrity.
Previous research has not quantitatively assessed rotational strength differences between these two surgical approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate and compare internal rotation strength deficits in patients undergoing open versus arthroscopic shoulder stabilization.
To test the hypothesis that open shoulder stabilization leads to greater strength deficits.

Main Methods:

A randomized controlled trial (Level of evidence, 1) involving 48 patients with anterior traumatic shoulder instability.
Patients were randomized to either open (n=24) or arthroscopic (n=24) stabilization with standardized rehabilitation.
Isokinetic strength testing (concentric and eccentric peak moments at 60°/s and 180°/s) was performed at a mean follow-up of 19.4 months.

Main Results:

No statistically significant differences in internal concentric strength at 60°/s were found between the open and arthroscopic groups.
Secondary strength measures also showed no significant differences between the operative groups.
Strength deficits were observed in both surgical groups when compared to the contralateral limb, with arm dominance identified as a contributing factor.

Conclusions:

This study indicates no significant side-to-side isokinetic strength deficits between open and arthroscopic shoulder stabilization for anterior traumatic instability one year post-surgery.
Both surgical approaches result in strength deficits relative to the unoperated limb.