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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism01:21

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism

Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
Some polymorphic crystals possess lower aqueous solubility than their amorphous counterparts, leading to incomplete absorption. For instance, the oral suspension of Chloramphenicol, which...
Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Polymorphic Form-Related and Particle Size-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence01:27

Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Polymorphic Form-Related and Particle Size-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence

Changes in polymorphic forms can significantly influence the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Although the FDA defines pharmaceutical equivalence based on having the same active ingredient, dosage form, and route of administration, it does not automatically disqualify products with different polymorphic forms. This means two products with different polymorphs can still be deemed pharmaceutically equivalent. However, polymorphic differences can affect properties like wettability,...
Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
Polymers02:34

Polymers

The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the properties that they exhibit. Additionally,...
Polymers02:34

Polymers

The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the properties that they exhibit. Additionally,...
Polymers02:34

Polymers

The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the properties that they exhibit. Additionally,...

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Polymorph control: past, present and future.

Antonio Llinàs1, Jonathan M Goodman

  • 1Pfizer Institute for Pharmaceutical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Antonio.Llinas@ch.cam.ac.uk

Drug Discovery Today
|March 18, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Controlling the formation and dissolution of polymorphs is now achievable. Researchers have developed numerous methods to manage these crystalline structures, despite ongoing challenges in achieving perfect control.

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Area of Science:

  • Solid-state chemistry
  • Materials science
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Polymorphism, the ability of a solid material to exist in multiple crystalline forms, presents significant challenges in various scientific and industrial fields.
  • Understanding and controlling polymorphs is crucial for drug efficacy, material stability, and manufacturing processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demystify the processes governing the appearance and disappearance of polymorphs.
  • To provide a comprehensive survey of current methods for polymorph control.
  • To highlight the successes and limitations of these techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of existing literature on polymorph control strategies.
  • Categorization of diverse methodologies employed in polymorph engineering.
  • Analysis of case studies demonstrating the application of these methods.

Main Results:

  • The formation and dissolution of polymorphs are no longer considered inexplicable phenomena.
  • A wide array of techniques is available for polymorph control, offering solutions to complex challenges.
  • Recent advancements have shown considerable success in managing polymorphic transformations.

Conclusions:

  • Effective strategies for polymorph control have been established, moving beyond theoretical understanding.
  • While challenges remain, the available methods provide a robust toolkit for researchers and industry professionals.
  • Continued research and application of these methods will further refine the control over crystalline forms.