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Related Concept Videos

Physiological Control of Respiration01:23

Physiological Control of Respiration

Introduction
Breathing, a seemingly passive process, is regulated by the respiratory center in the brainstem. This center coordinates the involuntary control of respirations, which means it occurs without conscious effort, ensuring a smooth and uninterrupted pattern.
Regulation of Ventilation
The body maintains ventilation by monitoring levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), and hydrogen ion concentration (pH) in the arterial blood. Among these factors, the level of CO2 plays a crucial...
Oxygen Delivering System II: Venturi Mask and Transtracheal Oxygen01:16

Oxygen Delivering System II: Venturi Mask and Transtracheal Oxygen

Oxygen therapy is a pivotal aspect of medical care, particularly for patients with respiratory ailments. Two prominent oxygen-delivering systems include the Venturi mask and the transtracheal oxygen catheter.
Venturi Mask
The Venturi mask, named after the Venturi effect, is designed to deliver precise oxygen concentrations. It consists of a large tube with an oxygen inlet that narrows down, causing a pressure drop that pulls air in through adjustable side ports. The mask is a lightweight,...
Open and closed-loop control systems01:17

Open and closed-loop control systems

Control systems are foundational elements in automation and engineering. They are broadly categorized into open-loop and closed-loop systems. These classifications hinge on the presence or absence of feedback mechanisms, significantly influencing the system's performance, complexity, and application.
An open-loop control system operates without feedback from the output. It consists of two primary elements: the controller and the controlled process. The controller receives an input signal and...
Neural Control of Respiration01:18

Neural Control of Respiration

The neural regulation of respiration is a meticulously coordinated process primarily controlled by the respiratory centers located within the brainstem. These centers, composed of specialized neurons, transmit nerve impulses that control the contraction and relaxation of our respiratory muscles.
Respiratory Centers in the Brainstem
Two primary areas comprise the respiratory center: the medullary respiratory center in the medulla oblongata and the pontine respiratory group in the pons. The...
Respiratory Assessment: Purpose and Indications01:19

Respiratory Assessment: Purpose and Indications

Respiratory assessment is a cornerstone of nursing assessments, crucial for the early detection of patient deterioration. This evaluation transcends routine procedures, representing a critical skill nurses must master to ensure optimal patient care.
Objectives and Importance:
The primary goal of respiratory assessment is to evaluate patients at early risk of clinical deterioration. Since respiratory distress often precedes other signs of declining health, breathing patterns and sounds become a...
Oxygen Delivering System I: Nasal Cannula and Face Mask01:26

Oxygen Delivering System I: Nasal Cannula and Face Mask

The human body requires oxygen to function, and when the natural process of respiration is hindered, external devices, including the following, are needed to help deliver this vital gas.
Nasal Cannula
A nasal cannula is a lightweight tube split at one end into two prongs and placed in the nostrils. It is typically used to deliver low to medium levels of oxygen.
Suggested flow rate: The suggested flow rate for a nasal cannula typically ranges between 1 and 6 L/min.
Oxygen percentage setting:...

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Use of an Integrated Low-Flow Anesthetic Vaporizer, Ventilator, and Physiological Monitoring System for Rodents
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Closed loop control of oxgenation and ventilation.

Jay Johannigman1, Richard D Branson, Peter Muskat

  • 1University of Cincinnati, Dept. of Surgery, 231Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0558, USA. jay.johannigman@uc.edu

Journal of Gravitational Physiology : a Journal of the International Society for Gravitational Physiology
|April 1, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Closed loop control systems enable remote mechanical ventilation and oxygenation management, crucial for austere environments. This technology allows expert care delivery without on-site specialists, enhancing patient safety and resource efficiency.

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Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Use of an Integrated Low-Flow Anesthetic Vaporizer, Ventilator, and Physiological Monitoring System for Rodents
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Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department

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11:49

Quantitative and Temporal Control of Oxygen Microenvironment at the Single Islet Level

Published on: November 17, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Remote Healthcare Technologies

Background:

  • Mechanical ventilatory support requires precise oxygenation and ventilation control.
  • Remote medical care in austere environments necessitates autonomous or remotely managed systems.
  • Current standards of care often rely on on-site expertise, which may be unavailable in remote settings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the feasibility of closed-loop control for oxygenation and ventilation during mechanical ventilatory support in remote settings.
  • To demonstrate how expert systems can maintain the standard of care in the absence of on-site medical expertise.
  • To evaluate a double closed-loop system for oxygenation control, integrating FIO2 and portable oxygen generator (POG) management.

Main Methods:

  • Ventilation control using patient height, end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2), and pulmonary impedance.
  • Oxygenation control via adjustments in inspired oxygen concentration (FIO2) and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), using pulse oximetry (SpO2) as input.
  • Development and assessment of a double closed-loop system for FIO2 and POG control based on SpO2, FIO2, and minute ventilation (VE).

Main Results:

  • Closed-loop control systems can effectively manage ventilation and oxygenation during mechanical ventilatory support.
  • Oxygenation control prevents hypoxemia and has the potential to reduce overall oxygen consumption.
  • A double closed-loop system demonstrated safety and efficiency in managing oxygenation and generation.

Conclusions:

  • Remote control of ventilation and oxygenation is achievable using existing technologies.
  • Closed-loop systems offer a viable solution for delivering expert-level mechanical ventilatory support in remote and austere environments.
  • The integration of advanced control strategies enhances the safety and efficiency of remote patient care.