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Related Concept Videos

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment primarily uses...
Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
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Production of Pharmaceuticals01:30

Production of Pharmaceuticals

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Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...
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Insulin Secretory Vesicles

Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
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Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Sustained Administration of &#946;-cell Mitogens to Intact Mouse Islets Ex Vivo Using Biodegradable Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Microspheres
09:31

Sustained Administration of β-cell Mitogens to Intact Mouse Islets Ex Vivo Using Biodegradable Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Microspheres

Published on: November 5, 2016

beta-Cell specific cytoprotection by prolactin on human islets.

T Yamamoto1, C Ricordi, A Mita

  • 1Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA.

Transplantation Proceedings
|April 1, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Prolactin (PRL) supplementation enhances beta-cell viability and survival in human islets cultured in vitro. This finding supports the development of targeted cytoprotective strategies for improved islet transplantation outcomes.

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Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Sustained Administration of &#946;-cell Mitogens to Intact Mouse Islets Ex Vivo Using Biodegradable Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Microspheres
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A High-content In Vitro Pancreatic Islet &#946;-cell Replication Discovery Platform
09:35

A High-content In Vitro Pancreatic Islet β-cell Replication Discovery Platform

Published on: July 16, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Cell Biology
  • Transplantation Science

Background:

  • Cytoprotective agents can improve islet isolation and transplantation.
  • Non-selective agents may negatively impact beta-cell function and survival.
  • Beta-cell-selective protection is needed for enhanced islet transplantation outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the beta-cell-selective cytoprotective effects of prolactin (PRL) on human islet viability and function.
  • To determine if PRL supplementation in culture medium improves islet preparation quality.

Main Methods:

  • Human islets were cultured with or without recombinant human PRL (500 microg/L) for 48 hours.
  • Flow cytometry and Laser Scanning Cytometry (LSC) assessed fractional viability and cellular composition.
  • Islet potency was evaluated in vivo via transplantation into diabetic immunodeficient mice.

Main Results:

  • PRL treatment increased relative viable beta-cell mass by 28% (P = .018) and relative islet beta-cell content by 19% (P = .029).
  • All transplanted mice in both PRL and control groups achieved normoglycemia.
  • PRL treatment did not alter overall islet function post-transplantation.

Conclusions:

  • Prolactin (PRL) enhances beta-cell-specific viability and survival of human islets in vitro.
  • PRL demonstrates potential as a beta-cell-selective cytoprotective agent.
  • Developing novel beta-cell-specific strategies may significantly improve islet transplantation success.