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Isolation and Identification of Waterborne Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Molecular Characterization of their Antibiotic Resistance Genes

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Large-scale freshwater microbiological study: rationale, results and risks.

Desmond Till¹, Graham McBride, Andrew Ball

¹Public Health Microbiology Consultant, Eastbourne, Wellington, New Zealand. desmond.till@xtra.co.nz

Journal of Water and Health

|April 11, 2008

Summary

New Zealand freshwater sites were surveyed for microbial health risks. Escherichia coli (E. coli) and human adenoviruses were common, with E. coli levels guiding new recreational water quality guidelines.

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Area of Science:

Environmental microbiology
Water quality assessment
Public health

Background:

Microbial contamination of freshwater poses risks to recreational users and drinking water supplies.
Understanding the prevalence of specific pathogens and indicators is crucial for risk assessment.
New Zealand's diverse environments present unique challenges for freshwater quality management.

Purpose of the Study:

To conduct a comprehensive survey of microbial health risk indicators and pathogens in New Zealand's freshwater recreational and water supply sites.
To identify key microbial contaminants and assess their association with environmental factors and potential health risks.
To inform the development of national water quality guidelines for recreational fresh water.

Main Methods:

A fifteen-month fortnightly survey was conducted at 25 freshwater sites across New Zealand.
Samples were analyzed for Escherichia coli (E. coli), Clostridium perfringens spores, F-RNA bacteriophage, somatic coliphage, human enteroviruses, human adenoviruses, Cryptosporidium oocysts, Giardia cysts, Salmonella, and Campylobacter.
Sites were selected based on geographical representation and predominant environmental impact categories (birds, dairy, forestry, municipal, sheep/pastoral).

Main Results:

Escherichia coli (E. coli) was detected in 99% of samples, and somatic coliphage in 89%.
Campylobacter and human adenoviruses were identified as the most likely pathogens to cause waterborne illness in recreational users.
An estimated 5% of notified campylobacteriosis cases in New Zealand were linked to water contact recreation.

Conclusions:

A critical value for E. coli (200-500 E. coli per 100 ml) was established as an indicator for increased Campylobacter infection risk.
The findings support the derivation of new national water quality guidelines for recreational fresh water in New Zealand.
Effective monitoring of microbial indicators like E. coli is essential for safeguarding public health in freshwater environments.