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Related Concept Videos

Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
Enzyme-linked Receptors01:00

Enzyme-linked Receptors

Enzyme-linked receptors are proteins that act as both receptor and enzyme, activating multiple intracellular signals. This is a large group of receptors that include the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. Many growth factors and hormones bind to and activate the RTKs.
Neurotrophin (NT) receptors are a family of RTKs, including trkA, trkB, and trkC (tropomyosin-related kinase) receptors. TrkA is specific for nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-6, and neurotrophin-7. TrkB binds...
Enzyme-linked Receptors01:00

Enzyme-linked Receptors

Enzyme-linked receptors are proteins that act as both receptor and enzyme, activating multiple intracellular signals. This is a large group of receptors that include the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. Many growth factors and hormones bind to and activate the RTKs.
Neurotrophin (NT) receptors are a family of RTKs, including trkA, trkB, and trkC (tropomyosin-related kinase) receptors. TrkA is specific for nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-6, and neurotrophin-7. TrkB binds...
Receptor Downregulation in MVBs01:15

Receptor Downregulation in MVBs

Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) form a complex that can be internalized through endocytosis, sorted into an MVB, and later degraded.
The EGFR can initiate signaling pathways that  lead to cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Overexpression of EGFR  stimulates cells to proliferate. Excessive  EGFR activation may...
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases01:26

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases

Receptor tyrosine kinases or RTKs are membrane-bound receptors that phosphorylate specific tyrosine on protein substrates. RTKs regulate cellular growth, differentiation, survival, and migration. They contain an extracellular ligand binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and a cytosolic tail with intrinsic kinase activity. Several extracellular signaling molecules activate RTKs in one or more ways and relay the signal downstream. Ligands such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Multiplex Cytokine Profiling of Stimulated Mouse Splenocytes Using a Cytometric Bead-based Immunoassay Platform
11:00

Multiplex Cytokine Profiling of Stimulated Mouse Splenocytes Using a Cytometric Bead-based Immunoassay Platform

Published on: November 9, 2017

Multimeric cytokine receptors.

T Kitamura1, T Ogorochi, A Miyajima

  • 1Toshio Kitamura, Toshiya Ogorochi, and Atsushi Miyajima are at the Department of Molecular Biology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.

Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism: TEM
|January 1, 1994
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cytokines regulate cell functions and are key to immune and blood cell systems. Understanding cytokine receptors reveals how these proteins work together, explaining their overlapping roles.

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Identification of Functional Protein Regions Through Chimeric Protein Construction
11:39

Identification of Functional Protein Regions Through Chimeric Protein Construction

Published on: January 8, 2019

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Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Multiplex Cytokine Profiling of Stimulated Mouse Splenocytes Using a Cytometric Bead-based Immunoassay Platform
11:00

Multiplex Cytokine Profiling of Stimulated Mouse Splenocytes Using a Cytometric Bead-based Immunoassay Platform

Published on: November 9, 2017

Identification of Functional Protein Regions Through Chimeric Protein Construction
11:39

Identification of Functional Protein Regions Through Chimeric Protein Construction

Published on: January 8, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Hematology

Background:

  • Cytokines are crucial regulators of cell proliferation, differentiation, and function.
  • They play vital roles in the immune and hematopoietic systems.
  • Functional redundancy among cytokines suggests shared regulatory mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the molecular basis of cytokine function and redundancy.
  • To understand the role of cytokine receptors in mediating cellular responses.
  • To investigate the structural components of cytokine receptor signaling.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of cytokine gene sequences.
  • Cloning and characterization of cytokine receptor genes.
  • Investigation of receptor subunit interactions and signaling pathways.

Main Results:

  • Cytokine receptors are typically composed of multiple subunits.
  • Many cytokine receptors belong to the cytokine receptor superfamily.
  • Shared signaling subunits among receptors for functionally similar cytokines were identified.

Conclusions:

  • The cloning of cytokine receptor genes provides new insights into cytokine regulation.
  • Shared receptor subunits offer a molecular explanation for cytokine functional redundancy.
  • This understanding is critical for deciphering immune and hematopoietic system control.