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Related Concept Videos

Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images
04:23

A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images

Published on: April 21, 2023

Current evaluation of thyroid nodules.

H Gharib1

  • 1Division of Endocrinology/Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Mayo Medical School, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.

Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism: TEM
|November 1, 1994
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy is a safe and effective method for evaluating thyroid nodules. This diagnostic approach reduces unnecessary surgeries for benign thyroid conditions.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images
04:23

A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images

Published on: April 21, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Surgical Pathology
  • Diagnostic Cytopathology

Background:

  • Thyroid nodules are a common clinical finding, with the majority being benign.
  • Accurate diagnosis is crucial for appropriate patient management and to avoid unnecessary surgical interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy in the diagnostic workup of thyroid nodules.
  • To assess the impact of FNA biopsy on surgical selection and thyroidectomy rates.

Main Methods:

  • Review of FNA biopsy procedures for thyroid nodules.
  • Analysis of complication rates, reliability, and ease of performance for FNA biopsy.
  • Comparison of FNA biopsy outcomes with outcomes from radioisotope scanning and ultrasonography.

Main Results:

  • Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy is confirmed as a safe, reliable, and cost-effective procedure.
  • Benign nodules (75%) are managed non-surgically, while suspicious (20%) and malignant (5%) nodules undergo surgical excision.
  • FNA biopsy has led to a 25% reduction in thyroidectomies for benign nodules, improving surgical selection.

Conclusions:

  • Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy significantly enhances the diagnostic accuracy for thyroid nodules.
  • The procedure optimizes surgical decision-making, leading to decreased rates of thyroidectomy for non-cancerous thyroid conditions.