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Related Concept Videos

Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses02:45

Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses

The circadian—or biological—clock is an intrinsic, timekeeping, molecular mechanism that allows plants to coordinate physiological activities over 24-hour cycles called circadian rhythms. Photoperiodism is a collective term for the biological responses of plants to variations in the relative lengths of dark and light periods. The period of light-exposure is called the photoperiod.
Position-effect Variegation02:32

Position-effect Variegation

In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
Euchromatin01:01

Euchromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions take up more dye, appearing darker, while the less-compact areas take up less dye and appear lighter. Based on the compaction level, chromatins are classified into two primary forms – euchromatin and heterochromatin.
Euchromatin is the less dense region of the chromatin and stains lighter. Euchromatin contains histone H3 extensively...
The Antenna Complex01:15

The Antenna Complex

Plants and other photosynthetic organisms comprise pigments capable of absorption of direct sunlight. These pigments are present in the reaction center - the main site of photochemical reactions as well as in the antenna complex. Under average light conditions, the rate at which reaction center pigments absorb light is far below the electron transport chain's capacity. As a result, the reaction center alone cannot provide enough energy to drive photosynthesis. The photosynthetic efficiency can...
Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent years,...
Channel Rhodopsins01:11

Channel Rhodopsins

Most organisms use photoreceptors to sense and respond to light. Examples of photoreceptors include bacteriorhodopsins and bacteriophytochromes in some bacteria, phytochromes in plants, and rhodopsins in the photoreceptor cells of the vertebral retina. The light-sensitive property of these receptors is because of the bound chromophores, such as bilin in the phytochromes and retinal in the rhodopsins.
Rhodopsins belong to the family of cell surface proteins called G-protein coupled receptors,...

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Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development
09:32

Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development

Published on: June 15, 2017

Structure and function of animal cryptochromes.

N Oztürk1, S-H Song, S Ozgür

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.

Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology
|April 19, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cryptochromes (CRYs) are blue-light receptors involved in circadian rhythms and DNA damage response. These flavoproteins bind DNA and regulate cell cycle genes in mammals.

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Circadian Entrainment of Drosophila Melanogaster
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Circadian Entrainment of Drosophila Melanogaster
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Circadian Entrainment of Drosophila Melanogaster

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Chronobiology

Background:

  • Cryptochromes (CRYs) are flavoproteins with blue-light receptor functions.
  • Animal CRYs exhibit DNA-binding and autokinase activities.
  • CRYs are crucial for circadian rhythms and cellular responses.

Observation:

  • In Drosophila, CRY functions as a primary circadian photoreceptor.
  • Mammalian CRY proteins are integral to the molecular clock.
  • Mammalian CRYs are potential circadian photoreceptors.

Findings:

  • Mammalian CRYs engage in cell cycle regulation.
  • CRYs control the expression of specific cell cycle genes.
  • CRYs directly interact with checkpoint proteins involved in DNA damage response.

Implications:

  • CRYs play a significant role in mammalian circadian biology.
  • CRYs are involved in the cellular response to DNA damage.
  • Understanding CRY function is key to deciphering circadian rhythms and DNA repair mechanisms.