Chronic kidney disease in Japan

Area of Science:

• Nephrology
• Public Health
• Epidemiology

Background:

• Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by kidney damage or a low estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) lasting over three months.
• CKD significantly increases the risk of developing end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and cardiovascular disease.
• Japan exhibits a high prevalence of CKD, with increasing rates of ESRD, over 40% of which is linked to diabetes mellitus (DM).

Purpose of the Study:

• To highlight the definition and risks associated with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD).
• To emphasize the growing prevalence of ESRD in Japan and its association with diabetes mellitus (DM).
• To underscore the necessity of early CKD detection and intervention to mitigate ESRD and cardiovascular disease incidence.

Main Methods:

• GFR is calculated using established equations like the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study equation or the Cockcroft-Gault formula.
• Prevalence data for low GFR (< 60 ml/min/1.73 m(2)) in the adult population was estimated.
• Community-based screening programs were utilized to assess CKD prevalence in Japan.

Main Results:

• The prevalence of low GFR is estimated at 20% among the adult population.
• Community-based screening suggests Japan has a higher CKD prevalence compared to other nations.
• ESRD prevalence in Japan exceeds 2,000 per million population, with DM as a primary cause for over 40% of new cases.

Conclusions:

• Early detection and prompt treatment of CKD are essential public health strategies.
• Interventions targeting CKD can reduce the incidence of ESRD and associated cardiovascular complications.
• Addressing the high prevalence of CKD, particularly in Japan, is critical for improving patient outcomes and reducing healthcare burdens.