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Related Concept Videos

Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...
Allergic Reactions02:06

Allergic Reactions

Overview
Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing numerous...
Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin, heparin),...
Gastritis-I: Introduction and Types01:27

Gastritis-I: Introduction and Types

Gastritis, defined by the inflammation or irritation of the stomach lining or gastric mucosa, manifests in several distinct forms: acute, chronic, reactive, and a specific subtype known as autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis.
Acute gastritis presents as a sudden inflammation triggered by various stressors to the stomach lining, such as exposure to corrosive agents, local irritants like aspirin and other NSAIDs, alcohol consumption, radiation therapy, physical trauma, severe burns, sepsis,...

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Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Recognition of Epidermal Transglutaminase by IgA and Tissue Transglutaminase 2 Antibodies in a Rare Case of Rhesus Dermatitis
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Recognition of Epidermal Transglutaminase by IgA and Tissue Transglutaminase 2 Antibodies in a Rare Case of Rhesus Dermatitis

Published on: December 15, 2011

The hyper-IgE syndromes.

Alexandra F Freeman1, Steven M Holland

  • 1Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Disease, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Building 10, CRC B3-4141, MSC 1684, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892-1684, USA.

Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America
|April 22, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hyper IgE syndromes (HIES) are rare immune deficiencies. New genetic insights into autosomal dominant and recessive HIES promise more targeted therapies beyond current antimicrobial treatments.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Genetics
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Hyper IgE syndromes (HIES) are primary immune deficiencies.
  • Characterized by elevated serum IgE, rash, and recurrent infections.
  • Autosomal dominant HIES linked to STAT3 mutations, presenting with connective tissue/skeletal issues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the genetic and immunologic understanding of HIES.
  • To highlight the need for delineating genetic causes of recessive forms.
  • To discuss current and potential future therapies for HIES.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of genetic and immunologic studies on HIES.
  • Analysis of clinical manifestations and treatment outcomes.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on HIES pathogenesis.

Main Results:

  • Autosomal dominant HIES primarily results from STAT3 mutations.
  • Recessive HIES forms require further genetic investigation.
  • Current treatments include antimicrobials and skin care.

Conclusions:

  • Advances in genetic and immunologic understanding are crucial.
  • These insights are expected to drive the development of specific HIES therapies.
  • More effective, disease-specific treatments are anticipated.