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Related Concept Videos

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus01:22

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...
Diabetic Neuropathy01:22

Diabetic Neuropathy

DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...
Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is based on...
Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations01:19

Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations

Type 1 diabetes mellitus typically presents with rapid-onset symptoms due to the body’s inability to utilize glucose in the absence of insulin. Since insulin is required for glucose uptake into cells, its deficiency leads to hyperglycemia and cellular energy deprivation, resulting in characteristic clinical features.Polyuria and PolydipsiaOne of the earliest, most prominent symptoms is polyuria (excessive urination). When blood glucose concentrations rise above the renal threshold, the kidneys...
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction01:26

Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction

Diabetes mellitus consists of chronic metabolic disorders characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. This elevated blood glucose results from defects in insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both. Insulin, produced by pancreatic β-cells, is essential for maintaining glucose homeostasis by facilitating cellular glucose uptake for energy or storage. Disruptions in insulin production or function lead to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream, causing the clinical features and long-term...

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Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Osmotic Minipump Implantation for Increasing Glucose Concentration in Mouse Cerebrospinal Fluid
06:21

Osmotic Minipump Implantation for Increasing Glucose Concentration in Mouse Cerebrospinal Fluid

Published on: April 7, 2023

Cognitive dysfunction and diabetes mellitus.

Christopher T Kodl1, Elizabeth R Seaquist

  • 1Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.

Endocrine Reviews
|April 26, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diabetes mellitus impacts cognitive function, affecting various brain domains. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms and develop treatments for diabetic cognitive dysfunction.

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Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats
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Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats

Published on: October 23, 2020

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Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Osmotic Minipump Implantation for Increasing Glucose Concentration in Mouse Cerebrospinal Fluid
06:21

Osmotic Minipump Implantation for Increasing Glucose Concentration in Mouse Cerebrospinal Fluid

Published on: April 7, 2023

Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats
07:41

Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats

Published on: October 23, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Disorders

Background:

  • Diabetes mellitus (DM) is known to cause significant damage to the eyes, kidneys, heart, and peripheral nerves.
  • The impact of DM on cognitive function is less understood but increasingly recognized.
  • Both type 1 and type 2 DM are linked to cognitive impairments across multiple domains.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of diabetes mellitus's effects on cognitive function.
  • To explore the potential pathophysiological mechanisms underlying cognitive dysfunction in diabetes.
  • To discuss the evolution of methodologies used to study brain changes in diabetic patients.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on diabetes and cognitive function.
  • Discussion of neurocognitive testing, evoked response potentials, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as research tools.
  • Analysis of proposed pathophysiological factors including hyperglycemia, vascular disease, hypoglycemia, and insulin resistance.

Main Results:

  • Diabetes mellitus is associated with reduced cognitive performance in various domains.
  • Hyperglycemia, vascular complications, hypoglycemia, and insulin resistance are implicated in diabetic cognitive dysfunction.
  • Advancements in neuroimaging and neurocognitive testing have improved the study of brain alterations in diabetes.

Conclusions:

  • Diabetes mellitus poses a significant threat to cognitive health.
  • The precise mechanisms and progression of cognitive impairment in diabetes require further investigation.
  • Developing effective prevention and treatment strategies for diabetic cognitive dysfunction is a critical unmet need.