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(p)ppGpp: still magical?

Katarzyna Potrykus1, Michael Cashel

  • 1Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2785, USA. potrykuk@mail.nih.gov

Annual Review of Microbiology
|May 6, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nutritional stress impacts bacteria via the stringent response, involving guanosine tetraphosphate ((p)ppGpp). This review clarifies (p)ppGpp

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Published on: June 4, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The stringent response, historically linked to amino acid starvation, is now understood as a broader cellular reaction to various stresses that elevate guanosine tetraphosphate ((p)ppGpp).
  • The precise mechanisms by which nutritional stress triggers (p)ppGpp accumulation remain incompletely understood.
  • Diverse bacterial species exhibit varied strategies for synthesizing and responding to (p)ppGpp, highlighting its complex role in microbial physiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and clarify the fundamental aspects of how nutritional stress induces the stringent response mediated by (p)ppGpp.
  • To explore the diverse regulatory roles of (p)ppGpp in microbial cell biology.
  • To identify persistent questions and areas for future research regarding (p)ppGpp in well-characterized bacterial strains.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on the stringent response and (p)ppGpp.
  • Analysis of existing data on bacterial gene expression and metabolism under nutritional stress.
  • Comparative examination of (p)ppGpp's role across different bacterial species.

Main Results:

  • Elevated (p)ppGpp levels, triggered by various nutritional stresses, influence a wide array of cellular processes including growth, adaptation, secondary metabolism, survival, and virulence.
  • The stringent response exhibits both conserved and distinct effects on gene expression and metabolism depending on the bacterial species and the specific stress.
  • (p)ppGpp is implicated in regulating critical microbial behaviors such as biofilm formation, motility, and cell division.

Conclusions:

  • The stringent response and (p)ppGpp signaling are central to bacterial adaptation and survival under fluctuating nutrient conditions.
  • Despite advances, significant questions remain regarding the intricate molecular mechanisms and broad physiological impact of (p)ppGpp in bacteria.
  • Further research is essential to fully elucidate the multifaceted roles of (p)ppGpp in microbial cell biology and its exploitation by different bacterial species.