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Related Concept Videos

Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.Positive Frequency-Dependent SelectionIn positive...
Hardy-Weinberg Principle01:49

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Diploid organisms have two alleles of each gene, one from each parent, in their somatic cells. Therefore, each individual contributes two alleles to the gene pool of the population. The gene pool of a population is the sum of every allele of all genes within that population and has some degree of variation. Genetic variation is typically expressed as a relative frequency, which is the percentage of the total population that has a given allele, genotype or phenotype.In the early 20th century,...
Chi-square Analysis02:46

Chi-square Analysis

The chi-square test is a statistical hypothesis test. It is used to check whether there is a significant difference between an expected value and an observed value. In the context of genetics, it enables us to either accept or reject a hypothesis, based on how much the observed values deviate from the expected values.
The chi-square test was developed by Pearson in 1990.
The first step of performing a Chi-square analysis is to establish a null hypothesis, which assumes that there is no real...
Trihybrid Crosses02:27

Trihybrid Crosses

Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
The F1 generation plants of a trihybrid cross are heterozygous for all three traits and produce eight gametes. Upon self-fertilization, these gametes have an equal chance to...
Incomplete Dominance01:43

Incomplete Dominance

Gregor Mendel's work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid cell has two variants called alleles inherited from each parent. He suggested that amongst these two alleles, one allele is dominant in character and the other recessive. The combination of alleles determines the phenotype of a gene in an organism.
Law of Independent Assortment02:03

Law of Independent Assortment

While Mendel’s Law of Segregation states that the two alleles for one gene are separated into different gametes, a different question of how different genes are inherited remains. For example, is the gene for tall plants inherited with the gene for green peas? Mendel asked this question by experimenting with a dihybrid cross; a cross in which both parents are homozygous for two distinct traits resulting in an F1 generation that are heterozygous for both traits.

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Incomplete pole orientation of kinetochores in complex meiotic metaphase I configurations delays metaphase-anaphase transition in Secale.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Combined Immunofluorescence and DNA FISH on 3D-preserved Interphase Nuclei to Study Changes in 3D Nuclear Organization
13:55

Combined Immunofluorescence and DNA FISH on 3D-preserved Interphase Nuclei to Study Changes in 3D Nuclear Organization

Published on: February 3, 2013

Preferential pairing estimates from multivalent frequencies in tetraploids.

J Sybenga

    Genome
    |December 1, 1994
    PubMed
    Summary

    Mathematical models for estimating chromosome pairing in polyploids show limited biological significance for preferential pairing and affinity factors. These parameters, derived from configuration frequencies, do not provide robust insights into plant genetics.

    Area of Science:

    • Genetics and Plant Breeding
    • Cytogenetics
    • Mathematical Biology

    Background:

    • Estimating chromosome pairing and chiasma parameters is crucial for understanding polyploid genetics.
    • Existing methods often rely on configuration frequencies observed during meiosis I.
    • Preferential pairing and affinity factors are commonly used parameters in polyploid studies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present mathematical models for estimating preferential pairing and chiasma parameters in amphidiploids and autotetraploids.
    • To compare these model-based estimates with other approaches for assessing chromosome affinity.
    • To evaluate the biological significance of estimated preferential pairing and affinity factors.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of mathematical models based on diakinesis or metaphase I configuration frequencies.

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    Manipulation of Ploidy in Caenorhabditis elegans

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    Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

    Combined Immunofluorescence and DNA FISH on 3D-preserved Interphase Nuclei to Study Changes in 3D Nuclear Organization
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  • Estimation of preferential pairing factor (p) from quadrivalent and trivalent frequencies.
  • Estimation of chiasmate association factors (a(qu), b(qu), a(bi), b(bi)) for different chromosome configurations.

    • Main Results:

    • Models achieved a perfect fit between observed and predicted configuration frequencies in amphidiploids (e.g., Solanaceae, Gramineae).
    • Autotetraploids yielded very similar apparent preferential pairing estimates, regardless of specific genetic backgrounds.
    • Optimization of theoretical models to observed data also produced similar pairing parameter estimates.

    Conclusions:

    • The biological significance of parameters like preferential pairing and affinity factors is considered limited.
    • Model-based estimates of pairing parameters may not reflect true biological affinity due to inherent limitations.
    • Further research is needed to develop more biologically meaningful approaches for studying chromosome pairing in polyploids.