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Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing numerous...

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin, heparin),...

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...

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Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Humanized Mediator Release Assay as a Read-Out for Allergen Potency

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IgE-mediated food hypersensitivity disorders.

M Gotua, N Lomidze, N Dolidze

Georgian Medical News

|May 20, 2008

Summary

Food allergy affects millions, with IgE-mediated reactions common in children. Diagnosis involves history, tests, and identifying triggers like milk, eggs, and peanuts for effective management.

Area of Science:

Immunology
Allergology
Public Health

Background:

Food allergy is a growing global health issue, impacting 4-6% of children and 1-3% of adults.
IgE-mediated food hypersensitivity is a significant concern, leading to severe reactions like anaphylaxis.

Purpose of the Study:

To comprehensively review IgE-mediated food allergies.
To discuss epidemiology, mechanisms, clinical features, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.

Main Methods:

Literature review focusing on IgE-mediated food hypersensitivity.
Analysis of epidemiological data, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic approaches.
Examination of treatment and prevention strategies, including dietary avoidance and medical interventions.

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Main Results:

Cow's milk, hen's egg, soy, peanuts, tree nuts, wheat, fish, and shellfish cause over 90% of childhood IgE-mediated allergies.
Food allergies can trigger systemic anaphylaxis, with significant morbidity and mortality.
Diagnosis relies on patient history, dietary analysis, skin tests, IgE blood tests, and challenge tests.

Conclusions:

Effective management of IgE-mediated food allergies requires accurate diagnosis and a multi-faceted approach.
Prevention strategies include strict avoidance diets and prompt administration of emergency medications like epinephrine.
Further research into causes and treatments, including the role of genetically modified crops, is warranted.