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Related Concept Videos

Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...
Hormones of the Adrenal Glands01:31

Hormones of the Adrenal Glands

Adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and orchestrating responses to stress, showcasing the intricate functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla.
The adrenal cortex, a powerhouse of hormone synthesis, generates over two dozen corticosteroid hormones. The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids, exemplified by aldosterone, influencing the electrolyte composition of body fluids. The synthesis of glucocorticoids such as cortisol and corticosterone...
Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction01:26

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the syndrome.Exogenous...
Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands01:17

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands

The adrenal or supra-renal glands, situated above the kidneys and aligned with the twelfth rib, are paired pyramid-shaped structures crucial for the body's stress response. During stress, these glands secrete hormones vital for adaptive physiological reactions.
These glands possess a distinctive yellow tinge due to the stored cholesterol and fatty acids required for hormone synthesis. They are encased in a fibrous capsule and cushioned by fat.
The adrenal gland comprises two distinct regions...
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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Establishment of Zone-Enriched Primary Cultures from the Mouse Adrenal Cortex
07:43

Establishment of Zone-Enriched Primary Cultures from the Mouse Adrenal Cortex

Published on: May 8, 2026

Disorders of adrenal development.

Bruno Ferraz-de-Souza1, John C Achermann

  • 1Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.

Endocrine Development
|May 22, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Adrenal hypoplasia, a condition affecting adrenal gland development, can stem from pituitary issues, ACTH resistance, or primary developmental defects. DAX1 gene mutations cause X-linked primary adrenal hypoplasia in infants with salt-losing adrenal crisis.

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Published on: October 2, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Human Genetics
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Human adrenal development is complex and not fully understood.
  • Adrenal hypoplasia offers insights into adrenal development and function.
  • It can be secondary to pituitary defects, ACTH resistance, or primary developmental issues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanisms regulating human adrenal development and function.
  • To understand the genetic basis of various forms of adrenal hypoplasia.
  • To highlight the implications of diagnosing adrenal failure.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of individuals and families with adrenal hypoplasia.
  • Genetic analysis, including identification of mutations and deletions in genes like DAX1.
  • Clinical evaluation of patients presenting with adrenal crisis.

Main Results:

  • Identified three main categories of adrenal hypoplasia: secondary to pituitary defects, ACTH resistance syndromes, and primary adrenal hypoplasia.
  • DAX1 (NR0B1) gene mutations/deletions cause X-linked primary adrenal hypoplasia, a common cause of salt-losing adrenal crisis in male infants.
  • This condition occurs in the absence of other identifiable causes like steroidogenic defects or physical trauma.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the specific cause of adrenal failure is crucial for patient management and family counseling.
  • Genetic analysis, particularly for DAX1, is vital for diagnosing X-linked primary adrenal hypoplasia.
  • Further research into adrenal development mechanisms is warranted.