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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
05:39

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Published on: February 3, 2023

Anaplastic thyroid cancer.

Ryan L Neff1, William B Farrar, Richard T Kloos

  • 1Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University, The Arthur G James Cancer Hospital and Richard J Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210-1228, USA.

Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America
|May 27, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Anaplastic thyroid cancer is a rare and aggressive cancer with a poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Early diagnosis, airway management, and clinical trial enrollment are crucial for improving patient outcomes.

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An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
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Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

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Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
05:39

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An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
07:01

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

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Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Published on: June 2, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a rare but highly aggressive malignancy.
  • It predominantly affects older adults and has a dismal prognosis, with a mean survival of less than six months.
  • Currently, no effective systemic therapies exist for ATC, and outcomes are not significantly improved by existing treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the current understanding and management of anaplastic thyroid cancer.
  • To emphasize critical aspects of patient care, including diagnosis, airway management, and treatment options.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and clinical guidelines for anaplastic thyroid cancer.
  • Synthesis of information regarding diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

  • Histologic confirmation is vital to rule out other thyroid tumors with better prognoses.
  • Airway patency is a major concern; tracheostomy may be necessary for impending obstruction.
  • Clinical trials represent the most promising avenue for patients.

Conclusions:

  • Anaplastic thyroid cancer requires careful diagnostic confirmation and proactive airway management.
  • Prioritizing enrollment in clinical trials is essential for patients with this lethal condition.