Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly

As part of their replication cycle, certain viruses synthesize long precursor proteins called polyproteins within infected host cells. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), two major polyproteins are produced: Gag and Gag-Pol. The Gag polyprotein supplies the structural components of the virus, while Gag-Pol includes essential viral enzymes such as reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease. After synthesis, these polyproteins move to the host cell membrane, where they assemble into an...

Viruses with RNA Genomes

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...

Leaky Scanning

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA. Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Human protein interaction networks of ancestral and variant SARS-CoV-2 in organ-specific cells and bodily fluids.

Nature communications·2025

Same author

Exploiting the Achilles' Heel of Viral RNA Processing to Develop Novel Antivirals.

Viruses·2025

Same author

Targeting protein homeostasis with small molecules as a strategy for the development of pan-coronavirus antiviral therapies.

Communications biology·2024

Same author

Putting a Kink in HIV-1 Particle Infectivity: Rocaglamide Inhibits HIV-1 Replication by Altering Gag-Genomic RNA Interaction.

Viruses·2024

Same author

Correction: An activator of G protein-coupled receptor and MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signaling inhibits HIV-1 replication by altering viral RNA processing.

PLoS pathogens·2024

Same author

Broad spectrum post-entry inhibitors of coronavirus replication: Cardiotonic steroids and monensin.

Virology·2023

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Evaluation of the Efficacy And Toxicity of RNAs Targeting HIV-1 Production for Use in Gene or Drug Therapy

Evaluation of the Efficacy And Toxicity of RNAs Targeting HIV-1 Production for Use in Gene or Drug Therapy

Published on: September 5, 2016

Modulating HIV-1 RNA processing and utilization.

Meredith McLaren¹, Kim Marsh, Alan Cochrane

¹Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.

Frontiers in Bioscience : a Journal and Virtual Library

|May 30, 2008

Summary

This review explores how human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA navigates cellular processes, highlighting key viral and host factors essential for its replication and potential therapeutic targets.

More Related Videos

Measuring Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Unfolded Protein Response in HIV-1 Infected T-Cells and Analyzing its Role in HIV-1 Replication

Measuring Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Unfolded Protein Response in HIV-1 Infected T-Cells and Analyzing its Role in HIV-1 Replication

Published on: June 14, 2024

High Throughput In Vitro Assessment of Latency Reversing Agents on HIV Transcription and Splicing

High Throughput In Vitro Assessment of Latency Reversing Agents on HIV Transcription and Splicing

Published on: January 22, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Evaluation of the Efficacy And Toxicity of RNAs Targeting HIV-1 Production for Use in Gene or Drug Therapy

Evaluation of the Efficacy And Toxicity of RNAs Targeting HIV-1 Production for Use in Gene or Drug Therapy

Published on: September 5, 2016

Measuring Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Unfolded Protein Response in HIV-1 Infected T-Cells and Analyzing its Role in HIV-1 Replication

Measuring Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Unfolded Protein Response in HIV-1 Infected T-Cells and Analyzing its Role in HIV-1 Replication

Published on: June 14, 2024

High Throughput In Vitro Assessment of Latency Reversing Agents on HIV Transcription and Splicing

High Throughput In Vitro Assessment of Latency Reversing Agents on HIV Transcription and Splicing

Published on: January 22, 2019

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Virology
Cell Biology

Background:

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication depends on complex RNA processing, transport, and translation.
Both viral proteins (e.g., Rev, Gag) and host cellular factors are critical for these processes.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the viral and host factors that regulate HIV-1 RNA metabolism.
To elucidate the mechanisms governing HIV-1 RNA splicing, polyadenylation, transport, and translation.
To identify potential therapeutic targets for controlling HIV-1 replication.

Main Methods:

This is a review article, synthesizing existing research on HIV-1 RNA biology.
It focuses on analyzing the roles of specific viral and host factors.
The review integrates findings on RNA processing, nuclear export, and cytoplasmic utilization.

Main Results:

HIV-1 RNA undergoes multiple fate decisions throughout its lifecycle.
Host factors play a predominant role in facilitating HIV-1 RNA transport and utilization.
Viral proteins like Rev are crucial but rely heavily on cellular machinery.

Conclusions:

Understanding the interplay between HIV-1 RNA and host factors is key to comprehending viral replication.
Identifying these interactions offers novel strategies for developing antiviral therapies.
Targeting host-virus interactions presents a promising avenue for HIV-1 control.