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Heart Valves

Heart Valves

The human heart is a complex organ with an intricate system of valves that regulate blood flow. There are two main types of valves: atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves.
The AV valves prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria during ventricular contraction. These valves function with the assistance of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles. When the ventricles are relaxed, the chordae tendineae are slack, allowing blood to flow from the atria into the...

Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction

Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction

IntroductionAortic regurgitation is characterized by the backward flow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole and arises from the improper closure of the aortic valve. This condition results in left ventricular volume overload and can stem from both acute and chronic etiologies, each contributing uniquely to the disease's progression and symptomatology.Acute and Chronic CausesAcute aortic regurgitation often results from events that suddenly impair the integrity of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

In vitro Assessment of Aortic Regurgitation Using Four-Dimensional Flow Magnetic Resonance Imaging

In vitro Assessment of Aortic Regurgitation Using Four-Dimensional Flow Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: February 25, 2022

A 'hemispherical' model of aortic valvar geometry.

J Scott Rankin¹, Arthur F Dalley, Philip S Crooke

¹Centennial Heart Center, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA. jsrankinmd@cs.com

The Journal of Heart Valve Disease

|June 3, 2008

Summary

The normal human aortic valve

Area of Science:

Cardiovascular Anatomy
Biomechanical Engineering

Background:

Understanding aortic valve anatomy is crucial for improving surgical repair techniques.
The study investigates the three-dimensional geometry of the aortic valve in healthy human hearts.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the three-dimensional (3-D) geometry of the normal human aortic valve.
To develop a geometric model for better understanding aortic valve anatomy.

Main Methods:

Measurements of valvar circumference, leaflet height, and free-edge length were taken from cadaver hearts.
A geometric model was developed using three intersecting hemispheres within a cylinder.
Paired t-tests were used to validate the model with dimensional data.

Main Results:

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Particle Image Velocimetry Investigation of Hemodynamics via Aortic Phantom

Particle Image Velocimetry Investigation of Hemodynamics via Aortic Phantom

Published on: February 25, 2022

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In vitro Assessment of Aortic Regurgitation Using Four-Dimensional Flow Magnetic Resonance Imaging

In vitro Assessment of Aortic Regurgitation Using Four-Dimensional Flow Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: February 25, 2022

Particle Image Velocimetry Investigation of Hemodynamics via Aortic Phantom

Particle Image Velocimetry Investigation of Hemodynamics via Aortic Phantom

Published on: February 25, 2022

The geometric model, representing the aortic valve as three intersecting hemispheres within a cylinder of equivalent radii, was consistent with measurements.
Key dimensions such as the distance between commissures and leaflet free-edge length were found to be similar.
Equations were derived to describe the 3-D geometry, enabling calculation of leaflet coaptation areas.

Conclusions:

The normal human aortic valve can be geometrically modeled as three equivalent-radius hemispheres intersecting a cylinder.
This simplified geometric model aids in defining normal anatomic variations and pathological conditions.
The model offers potential for improving strategies in surgical aortic valve repair.