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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must have a...
Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Molecular Entanglement and Electrospinnability of Biopolymers
07:59

Molecular Entanglement and Electrospinnability of Biopolymers

Published on: September 3, 2014

Engineering correlation and entanglement dynamics in spin systems.

T S Cubitt1, J I Cirac

  • 1Max Planck Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany.

Physical Review Letters
|June 4, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We demonstrate precise control over spin system dynamics using external parameters. Spin-wave propagation provides a physical basis for engineering correlations and entanglement, enabling controlled packet movement.

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Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
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Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

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Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Molecular Entanglement and Electrospinnability of Biopolymers
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Molecular Entanglement and Electrospinnability of Biopolymers

Published on: September 3, 2014

Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser
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Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser

Published on: June 28, 2018

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
06:42

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Quantum physics
  • Condensed matter physics
  • Quantum information science

Background:

  • Understanding and controlling quantum dynamics in spin systems is crucial for quantum technologies.
  • Previous studies observed complex correlation and entanglement dynamics in spin systems.
  • A simple physical model for these dynamics was lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To show that spin system dynamics (correlation and entanglement) can be precisely controlled.
  • To provide a simple physical explanation for observed dynamics using spin-wave propagation.
  • To demonstrate engineering of correlation packet speed and behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis of correlation and entanglement dynamics in spin systems.
  • Modeling spin-wave propagation and its dependence on external control parameters.
  • Application to translationally invariant systems prepared in product states.
  • Demonstration in a simple example system.

Main Results:

  • Correlation dynamics can be understood via spin-wave propagation.
  • External physical control parameters precisely engineer system dynamics.
  • Correlations propagate in well-defined packets with controllable speeds (engineered, controlled, or stopped).

Conclusions:

  • Spin-wave propagation offers a powerful, intuitive framework for controlling quantum dynamics.
  • Precise engineering of correlation and entanglement dynamics is achievable with minimal control parameters.
  • This control mechanism has implications for designing quantum systems and information processing.