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Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Classical Short-Delay Eyeblink Conditioning in One-Year-Old Children

Classical Short-Delay Eyeblink Conditioning in One-Year-Old Children

Published on: September 1, 2018

Neural substrates underlying human delay and trace eyeblink conditioning.

Dominic T Cheng¹, John F Disterhoft, John M Power

¹Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1620 McElderry Street, Reed Hall East 2, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. dcheng14@jhmi.edu

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

|June 5, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Humans can learn both delay and trace classical conditioning. Functional MRI shows the cerebellum is active in both, while the hippocampus is more active during trace conditioning, highlighting its role in this learning type.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cognitive Psychology
Learning and Memory

Background:

Classical conditioning paradigms like trace and delay conditioning are vital for studying associative learning.
Gaps exist in understanding the human neural systems underlying these conditioning types.
While animal studies implicate the hippocampus in trace conditioning, human evidence is lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

To directly compare the neural correlates of human delay and trace eyeblink conditioning.
To investigate hippocampal and cerebellar activity during these distinct conditioning paradigms.
To determine if human and animal conditioning circuitry is functionally similar.

Main Methods:

Utilized functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to compare neural activity.
Employed both delay conditioning (CS and US coterminate) and trace conditioning (CS precedes US with a silent gap) paradigms.
Analyzed behavioral learning alongside brain activation patterns.

Main Results:

Humans demonstrated parallel learning for both delay and trace conditioning.
Cerebellar activation was comparable across both delay and trace conditioning paradigms.
Significantly greater hippocampal activation was observed during trace conditioning compared to delay conditioning.

Conclusions:

The cerebellum is involved in both delay and trace eyeblink conditioning in humans.
The hippocampus plays a critical role specifically in trace eyeblink conditioning.
Neural circuitry for delay and trace conditioning in humans and animals may be functionally conserved.