Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Hormone Secretion

Regulation of Hormone Secretion

Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
Humoral stimuli,...

Target Cell Response to Hormones

Target Cell Response to Hormones

Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
Notably, the cellular response can be regulated by altering the number of receptors expressed in the cell. For example, prolonged exposure to elevated hormone levels results in a gradual decline or down-regulation in the number of receptors for that specific hormone on the cell surface. Conversely, in response to low hormone levels, cells may use up-regulation, producing an...

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle. At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...

Feedback Loops

Feedback Loops

In most cases, excessive hormone production is prevented by negative feedback—a loop that starts with a stimulus inducing the release of a particular substance, like a hormone, to maintain a certain level before triggering a signal that results in a decrease in further release of the hormone.

Secondary Messengers in Hormone Action

Secondary Messengers in Hormone Action

Water-soluble hormones cannot cross the plasma membrane, so they rely on protein receptors that span the membrane to trigger intracellular signaling pathways. These pathways then activate second messengers inside the cell, including cAMP or calcium ions.
Many hormones bind to transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors that connect to regulatory G proteins. These G proteins can then activate enzymes such as adenylyl cyclase or phospholipase C. Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP, activating...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Author Correction: Regenerative medicine and injection therapies in stress urinary incontinence.

Nature reviews. Urology·2020

Same author

Corrigendum to 'EAU-ESMO Consensus Statements on the Management of Advanced and Variant Bladder Cancer-An International Collaborative Multistakeholder Effort Under the Auspices of the EAU-ESMO Guidelines Committees' [European Urology 77 (2020) 223-250].

European urology·2020

Same author

An evaluation of avelumab for the treatment of genitourinary tumors.

Expert opinion on biological therapy·2020

Same author

Impact of Histopathological Prostate Inflammation on Urine-Based Prostate Cancer Prediction Using the Prostate Cancer Gene 3 Score.

Urologia internationalis·2020

Same author

European Association of Urology Guidelines Office Rapid Reaction Group: An Organisation-wide Collaborative Effort to Adapt the European Association of Urology Guidelines Recommendations to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Era.

European urology·2020

Same author

Effect of Enzalutamide plus Androgen Deprivation Therapy on Health-related Quality of Life in Patients with Metastatic Hormone-sensitive Prostate Cancer: An Analysis of the ARCHES Randomised, Placebo-controlled, Phase 3 Study.

European urology·2020

Same journal

Proton therapy in the clinic.

Frontiers of radiation therapy and oncology·2011

Same journal

Proton therapy: clinical gains through current and future treatment programs.

Frontiers of radiation therapy and oncology·2011

Same journal

Stereotactic body radiotherapy for prostate cancer: current results of a phase II trial.

Frontiers of radiation therapy and oncology·2011

Same journal

Stereotactic body radiation therapy for gastrointestinal malignancies.

Frontiers of radiation therapy and oncology·2011

Same journal

Stereotactic body radiation therapy for thoracic cancers: recommendations for patient selection, setup and therapy.

Frontiers of radiation therapy and oncology·2011

Same journal

Stereotactic body radiation therapy: normal tissue and tumor control effects with large dose per fraction.

Frontiers of radiation therapy and oncology·2011

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

A Hyperandrogenic Mouse Model to Study Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

A Hyperandrogenic Mouse Model to Study Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Published on: October 2, 2018

Secondary hormonal manipulation.

Axel S Merseburger¹, Claus Belka, Klaus Behmenburg

¹Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls University, Tübingen, Germany.

Frontiers of Radiation Therapy and Oncology

|June 12, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Androgen deprivation therapy is common for advanced prostate cancer, but resistance often develops. Secondary hormonal manipulations offer new treatment options for patients progressing on initial therapies.

More Related Videos

Exploring Independent Effects of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone In Vivo in a Mouse Model

Exploring Independent Effects of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone In Vivo in a Mouse Model

Published on: August 11, 2023

Remote Neuronal Activation Coupled with Automated Blood Sampling to Induce and Measure Circulating Luteinizing Hormone in Mice

Remote Neuronal Activation Coupled with Automated Blood Sampling to Induce and Measure Circulating Luteinizing Hormone in Mice

Published on: August 25, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

A Hyperandrogenic Mouse Model to Study Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

A Hyperandrogenic Mouse Model to Study Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Published on: October 2, 2018

Exploring Independent Effects of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone In Vivo in a Mouse Model

Exploring Independent Effects of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone In Vivo in a Mouse Model

Published on: August 11, 2023

Remote Neuronal Activation Coupled with Automated Blood Sampling to Induce and Measure Circulating Luteinizing Hormone in Mice

Remote Neuronal Activation Coupled with Automated Blood Sampling to Induce and Measure Circulating Luteinizing Hormone in Mice

Published on: August 25, 2023

Area of Science:

Oncology
Urology

Background:

Advanced prostate cancer frequently progresses despite androgen deprivation therapy (ADT).
Increasing use of ADT for localized prostate cancer lacks robust clinical evidence.
Prostate tumors may remain sensitive to secondary hormonal manipulations to block androgen receptors.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the emerging concept of secondary hormonal manipulation in prostate cancer treatment.
To discuss current literature and prospective alternative treatment modalities for advanced prostate cancer.

Main Methods:

Literature review of secondary hormonal manipulation strategies.
Discussion of antiandrogen withdrawal, second-line antiandrogens, adrenal androgen inhibitors, estrogens, and progestins.

Main Results:

ADT resistance is nearly universal in advanced prostate cancer.
Secondary hormonal manipulations represent a promising therapeutic avenue.
Various agents can be employed for sequential or combination hormonal blockade.

Conclusions:

Secondary hormonal manipulation is a developing strategy for managing prostate cancer progression.
Further research is needed to optimize these alternative treatment modalities.
These approaches may offer new options for patients with resistant prostate cancer.