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Related Concept Videos

Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses a challenge in...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase01:27

Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase

Phase II biotransformation reactions are essential for detoxifying and eliminating xenobiotics, including many pharmaceutical compounds. These reactions typically involve conjugation, the covalent attachment of polar endogenous groups such as glucuronic acid, sulfate, methyl, or acetyl moieties to functional groups introduced during Phase I metabolism. The resulting conjugates are more water-soluble, enabling efficient renal or biliary excretion.The major classes of Phase II enzymes include...
Factors Affecting Drug Response: Overview01:21

Factors Affecting Drug Response: Overview

When it comes to infants and young children, they are typically administered smaller doses of medication in comparison to adults. This is primarily because their organ functions still need to fully develop, meaning their bodies are not as efficient at metabolizing or eliminating drugs. Additionally, their blood-brain barrier is more permeable than in adults. As a result, high concentrations of drugs can easily penetrate the central nervous system (CNS), potentially leading to neurological...
Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu01:29

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Modifying Levels of Maternal Dietary Folic Acid or Choline to Study the Impact of Deficiencies on Offspring Health Outcomes
03:19

Modifying Levels of Maternal Dietary Folic Acid or Choline to Study the Impact of Deficiencies on Offspring Health Outcomes

Published on: June 28, 2024

Mycophenolate mofetil embryopathy may be dose and timing dependent.

Ghee Soon Ang1, Sheila A Simpson, Aravind R Reddy

  • 1Department of Paediatric Ophthalmology, Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.

American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A
|June 24, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is a teratogenic immunosuppressant. Exposure during pregnancy can cause birth defects like microtia and coloboma, with severity depending on dose and timing.

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Modifying Levels of Maternal Dietary Folic Acid or Choline to Study the Impact of Deficiencies on Offspring Health Outcomes
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Construction of Vapor Chambers Used to Expose Mice to Alcohol During the Equivalent of all Three Trimesters of Human Development
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Published on: July 13, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Teratology
  • Immunosuppressive Therapy
  • Reproductive Toxicology

Background:

  • Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is an immunosuppressive drug.
  • MMF has been identified as a human teratogen.
  • A specific pattern of congenital malformations associated with MMF exposure has been documented.

Observation:

  • A case study details a mother with recurrent erythema multiforme treated with MMF.
  • First pregnancy: MMF exposure for 5 weeks resulted in spontaneous miscarriage at 7 weeks.
  • Second pregnancy: MMF exposure for 4 days in the 7th week of gestation led to a live birth with specific malformations.

Findings:

  • The newborn exhibited bilateral microtia, absent external auditory canals, and a right iris/chorioretinal coloboma.
  • These findings are consistent with the known MMF embryopathy phenotype.
  • The absence of other immunosuppressive exposures supports MMF as the causative agent.

Implications:

  • The severity of MMF embryopathy appears dose- and time-dependent.
  • This case highlights the teratogenic risks of MMF, even with short-term exposure.
  • Enhanced patient counseling and contraception advice are crucial for women on MMF therapy.